No. Of neutrons in Beryllium is 5.
We know that, Atomic no. Of beryllium is 4 and atomic mass is 9.
Thus, no. Of neutrons is,
Atomic mass – atomic no. Or no. Of protons(no. of protons = atomic no.)
9-4= 5
Thus, the no. Of neutrons in Beryllium atom is 5.
Neutrons are discovered by James Chadwick in 1932. In an experiment, the physicist James Chadwick attacked Beryllium with alpha particles produced by the radioactive decay of polonium naturally. High radiation penetration through a lead shield was seen.
While in 1909, Ernest Rutherford discovered protons, by his gold foil experiment. He bombarded an incredibly thin gold foil with alpha particles.
Neutrons are defined as neutral subatomic particles that are found in all atomic nuclei, with the exception of common hydrogen. Mass of neutron is 1.67492749804× 10²⁷ kg, and has no electric charge, it is neutral. In the dense inner core of an atom, protons and neutrons, collectively known as nucleons.
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the process by which specificity and diversity is generated among genes coding for t cell receptors (tcrs) and b cell receptors (bcrs) is:
The process by which specificity and diversity is generated among genes coding for t cell receptors (tcrs) and b cell receptors (bcrs) is: receptor diversity .
The exonuclease trimming of germline genes, V(D)J recombination, and the random insertion of non-template encoded nucleotides are basically identical procedures that are used to create the B cell receptor (BCR) and T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires.
The degree to which an immune response can distinguish between different antigenic variations is known as specificity. A straightforward method determines the relative affinity of T cell receptors or pure antibodies for various antigens.
The variety of various cell types that make up a tissue or organism is referred to as cell type diversity.
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Describe the changes you see in a microscope image when you go from a scanning objective to low
power to high power.
During this phase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle forms and the nuclear envelope fragments.
Mitotic spindle forms and the nuclear envelope fragments at the prophase stage of mitosis.
What are the stages of mitosis?Mitosis has 4 main stages that are more or less in a continuous spectrum. These stages are:
ProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseThe prophase stage is characterized by the dissolution of the nuclear envelope, the condensation of chromatin materials, and the onset of spindle formation.
The metaphase stage is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes at the equator and the engagement of each chromosome by spindle fibers at the centromere.
The separation of sister chromatids characterizes the anaphase through the shortening of the spindle fibers from the opposite ends of the cell.
The telophase is characterized by the completion of the migration of sister chromatids to the poles.
Thus, the mitotic spindle forms and the nuclear envelope fragments at the prophase stage of mitosis.
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whose work in genetics showed that certain non-pathogenic bacteria could change and become pathogenic
Frederick Griffith experiment explained that the non-pathogenic bacteria can become the pathogenic bacteria via Horizontal gene Transfer.
By the horizontal gene transfer involves the transfer of pathogenic vector DNA to the non-pathogenic bacteria which result the conversion of non-pathogenic bacteria to pathogenic bacteria.
Horizontal Gene Transfer- The distribution of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria (apart from those that are passed from parent to child) is a result of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), which also promotes the development of pathogens.
Pathogen- An organism that infects its host with disease is referred to as a pathogen, and the severity of the disease symptoms is referred to as virulence.
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norwitz ng, sota-mota a, kaplan b,etal.the lipid energy model: reimagin-ing lipoprotein function in the context of carbohydrate-restricted diets. me-tabolites 2022; 12:460.
Norwitz ng, sota-mota a, kaplan b,etal.the lipid energy model: reimagin-ing lipoprotein function in the context of carbohydrate-restricted diets. me-tabolites 2022; 12:460.
Lean people may additionally gather a lipid profile with raised LDL- and HDL-cholesterol levels and reduced triglycerides once they comply with carbohydrate-confined diets (CRDs) (TGs). This lipid profile's intensity is correlated with BMI, therefore people with lower BMIs display extra rises in both LDL-C and HDL-C. Lean Mass Hyper-Responders (LMHR) is a subset of people who, while having normal pre-diet LDL-C, as shown by way of the inverse relationship between BMI and adjustments in LDL-C and HDL-C on CRD, reply to weight reduction by increasing their HDL-C and LDL-C ranges. revealed a big hyperlipidemic reaction to a CRD, with imply LDL-C and HDL-C degrees growing to 320 and 99 mg/dL, respectively, within the context of mean TG of forty seven mg/dL, in preference to non-LMHR (suggest values of 148 and 145 mg/dL, respectively). once more, with very regular pre-eating regimen LDL-C and the absence of genetic evidence suggestive of familial hypercholesterolemia in those who've been examined, some LMHR may have LDL-C ranges above 500 mg/dL.With carbohydrate restriction in lean people, the elevated dependence on fats as a metabolic substrate drives elevated hepatic secretion and peripheral uptake of TG contained inside very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), resulting in marked elevations of LDL-C and HDL-C and coffee TG, in step with the Lipid power version (LEM), which targets to give an explanation for this metabolic phenomenon. right here, we undergo the LEM's predominant characteristics. We examine various strains of current research that aid the model and make guidelines for a way to test its predictions.To learn more about the lipid Energy Model here:-
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Root hairs adhere to soil particles:
O True
False
Answer:
true
Explanation:
polishing the occlusal surfaces of the teeth differs from polishing the smooth surfaces in what way?
Answer:
Bristle brushes are employed for occlusal surfaces to clean fissures
Explanation:
What structural property of dna gave watson and crick the idea that dna replication was likely to proceed via a semiconservative mechanism?.
The complementary nature of base pairing between the two strands of DNA is the structural property of DNA that gave Watson and Crick the idea that DNA replication was likely to proceed via a semiconservative mechanism.
In the field of genetics, we can describe DNA as a structure made of two polynucleotide chains that is responsible for carrying genetic information.
The DNA is made from deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and four nucleotide bases. It is due to the complementary nature of these nucleotide bases that Watson and Crick proposed a semi-conservative model for DNA replication.
As each base present in one strand pairs with the complementary base present on the other strand, hence each strand of the DNA has the capability to become a template strand during DNA replication.
A new strand of DNA is synthesized from each template strand during DNA replication. Hence, two new strands are generated. This is the semiconservative DNA replication.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
What structural property of DNA gave Watson and Crick the idea that DNA replication was likely to proceed via a semiconservative mechanism?
A) The nitrogen content in the bases
B) The complementary nature of base pairing between the two strands
C) The repeating nature of the sugar-phosphate backbone
D) The helical shape of the double strand
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explain the convection cycle that takes place within Earth’s layers. Describe the source of thermal energy; the direction of flow for thermal energy and matter; the role of gravity in the process. Choose the statement that has all information correct.
A. nucleic radiation in Earth's core; matter heats and moves upwards; then cool areas of the mantle move down
B. nuclear radiation in Earth's core; matter heats and moves in a spiral; then cool areas of the mantle move down
C. nuclear radiation in Earth's core; matter heats and moves upwards; then cool areas of the core also move up
D. nuclear radiation in Earth's core; matter heats and moves upwards; then cool areas of the mantle move down
Nuclear radiation in Earth's core; matter heats and moves upwards; then cool areas of the mantle move down.
What is convection?The term convection has to do with the situation in which there is a transfer of heat energy by the actual movement of the particles of the substance. We know that convection occurs within Earth’s layers.
The statement that correctly describes the movement of heat in the convection of the earth's layers is; nuclear radiation in Earth's core; matter heats and moves upwards; then cool areas of the mantle move down.
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The oceans formed as a result of:
(1) oxygen producing organisms
(2) out gassing from volcanoes
(3) meteorite impacts bringing water from outer space
(4) transpiration from early plants
the initial statement of the (click to select) hypothesis proposed that over time a bacterial endosymbiont of an ancestral cell in the eukaryotic lineage lost its ability to live independently.
The initial statement of the Endosymbiotic hypothesis proposed that over time a bacterial endosymbiont of an ancestral cell in the eukaryotic lineage lost its ability to live independently.
What is Endosymbiotic ?Endosymbionts are living things that coexist well with other cells or creatures. Some endosymbionts are intracellular, or located inside cells; other endosymbionts adhere to the surface of cells (extracellular). Relationships that benefit both parties are said to be symbiotic.
According to the endosymbiotic theory, some eukaryotic cell organelles, such mitochondria and plastids, descended from prokaryotes that were free to move around. As proposed by Margulis, the information at hand suggests that the evolution of the eukaryotic cell was first sparked by the mitochondrial endosymbiosis.Learn more about Endosymbiotic here:
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61. casares, d.; escribá, p. v.; rosselló, c. a., membrane lipid composition: effect on membrane and organelle structure, function and compartmentalization and therapeutic avenues. int j mol sci 2019, 20 (9).
Biological membranes are essential components for the upkeep of cell physiology and architecture.
What is the role of biological membrane?Beyond serving as a simple barrier to keep the cell's inside from its exterior, the plasma membrane also initiates intracellular signals, acts as a framework for cell-to-cell communication, and has additional purposes. The compartmentalization of the plasma membrane into lipid microdomains, which regulates the location and beneficial interactions of proteins involved in the transmission of cell signals, is essential for this function. In addition, additional membranes that are tightly regulated in terms of integrity and homeostasis and that govern the identity and function of the many organelles split cells into compartments.Learn more about the biological membrane with the help of the given link:
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When an ecosystem contains many different species, there are usually a high number of links in its food web. How does this affect the sustainability of the ecosystem?.
When an ecosystem contains many different species, there are usually a high number of links in its food web. The sustainability will not be affected of such an ecosystem because typically if one link in the food web is removed, the ecosystem will remain stable.
In the field of science, a food web can be described as a combination of all the food chains in an area. It shows how the different species of an ecosystem are dependent upon each other.
A greater number of organisms in an ecosystem means that there are a greater number of organisms present to act as prey or predator for other species. If one of the links or species is removed from such an ecosystem, a substitute species is present to act as prey or predator in place of it.
Hence, for an ecosystem that has a high number of links in the food web, the ecosystem will remain stable even if a single organism is removed from it.
When an ecosystem contains many different species, there are usually a high number of links in its food web. How does this affect the sustainability of the ecosystem?
A. Typically, if one link in the food web is added, the ecosystem will change its location.
B. Typically, if one link in the food web is removed, the ecosystem will no longer exist.
C. Typically, if one link in the food web is removed, the ecosystem will remain stable.
D. Typically, if one link in the food web is added, the ecosystem will destabilize.
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When an ecosystem contains many different species, there are usually a high number of links in its food web. How does this affect the sustainability of the ecosystem?.
Answer: allow for a more sustained ecosystem
Explanation:
repression of stress-induced line-1 expression protects cancer cell subpopulations from lethal drug exposure
In the study, it was observed that LINE-1 repression leads to protection of subpopulations of cancer cells on exposure to lethal drugs.
An evolutionary conserved process that enables population survival under stressful conditions is the maintenance of phenotypic variability within cell populations. it was observed that the drug-tolerant persisters (DTPs), a subset of cancer cells that survives treatment with lethal medicines, have a suppressed chromatin state defined by elevated methylation of histone H3 lysines 9 and 27. (H3K9 and H3K27). It was further observed that H3K9me3-mediated heterochromatin formation regulators have a role in the survival of DTPs and that long interspersed repeat element 1 (LINE-1) is the region of DTPs where the observed increase in H3K9me3 is most significant. Reducing LINE-1 expression or function partially prevents DTP ablation caused by disruption of the repressive chromatin over LINE-1 sites in DTPs.
The findings suggest that epigenetic repression of TEs, including H3K9me3-mediated repression of LINE-1s, is a mechanism by which a subpopulation of cancer cells transiently survive otherwise lethal drug exposures
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this hearty component of the hair houses the melanin pigments and provides most of the hair's strength:
Approximately 90 percent of the hair's total weight lies within in the cortex layer. Elongated cells form the fibrous substance that gives the strength and the elasticity to the hair. The cortex was also houses the pigment (melanin) that gives the hair as its natural color.
The cerebral cortex, which also known as the cerebral mantle, is the outer layer of the neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain and in the humans and other mammals. The cerebral cortex was mostly consists of the six-layered which is neocortex, with just about 10% consisting of the allocortex. By convention, there are basically six cortical layers, but this organization may be vary throughout the cerebral cortex of the given species or between the species: many regions that lack one or more then layers, whereas in other regions there is good reason to be consider more than six layers.
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About twenty-five of the ninety-two natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these twenty-five elements make up approximately 96 percent of living matter?.
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen About 96 percent of biological matter is made up of four of these twenty-five components.
What components makes up matter?Atoms are the microscopic basic building block of all stuff. The different shapes that matter can take depend on how the atoms are arranged. These are the so-called "states of matter." Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states that are most common on Earth.
Why is matter important?Even if they are live or inanimate objects. Everything around us is made up of matter, which is significant because it cannot be generated or destroyed but only altered.
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21. An offspring of two parents had an extra chromosome in its karyotype. The most likely cause of this condition would have
been (1 point)
A.a point mutation
B.translocation
C.nondisjunction
D.a nonsense mutation
The correct answer is option C. non-disjunction.
An aberrant number of chromosomes in all cells, known as aneuploidy, or in some cells, known as mosaicism, are caused by nondisjunction. Trisomy of autosomes, or chromosome 21, is the cause of Down's syndrome where an extra copy of chromosome 21 is present. A point mutation is a type of genetic modification in which only one nucleotide base from the DNA or RNA sequence of an organism is altered, added, or removed. Example, a single point mutation in the beta hemoglobin gene is the primary cause of sickle cell anemia. Hence, its incorrect. Translocation is a phenomena that causes chromosomes to reorganize themselves in an unexpected way. Hence, its incorrect. When a DNA sequence alteration results in a stop codon rather than a codon that specifies an amino acid, it is known as a nonsense mutation. A truncated protein that is probably useless is produced as a result of the new stop codon's existence. Its also incorrect.Hence, the correct answer is C. nondisjunction.
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if a tree grew more than 3 feet during the year, how much more likely is it that the tree was at most 50 yards from the river? show all of your work.
According to the statement, It will take 50 years for the tree to grow 150 ft.
What explains the growth of the tree?
First, the measurement supplied in yards is translated to feet using the necessary dimensional analysis so that the tree may grow away from the river.
According to the information,
(50 yards) x (3 ft / 1 yard) = 150 ft
The value calculated is to be divided by the given rate,
n = 150 ft / (3 ft/year) = 50 years
Therefore, it will take 50 years for the tree to grow 150 ft.
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development of neuron-astrocyte co-culture system for mechanistic and pharmacological studies in neurodegeneration
Neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are characterized by the progressive atrophy and loss of neuronal function.
Lack of knowledge of the essential molecular pathways that cause neurodegeneration is one of the major barriers to the development of neuroprotective medicines for Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative illnesses. A deeper understanding of the diseases' molecular processes is urgently required. The lack of suitable in vitro models is a significant barrier to the creation of innovative neuroprotective therapies and the identification of early illness biomarkers. Furthermore, the majority of the ones that are available do not have active neuron-glia interactions. However, it is generally known that astrocytes are essential to both a healthy brain and to pathology, therefore their absence affects the applicability of these models.Learn more about the neurodegenration with the help of the given link:
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type ii restriction enzymes, such as ecori, that make staggered cuts within its recognition sequence, are considered more effective in biotechnology because..
Type II restriction enzymes, such as Ecor I, that make staggered cuts within its recognition sequence, are considered more effective in biotechnology because they result in cohesive or sticky ends.
What is Ecor I and why are sticky ends important?Ecor I is a kind of restriction enzyme which is obtained from Escherichia coli. The palindromic sequence recognized by this enzyme is 5' - GAATTC - 3'. It makes the following cuts between G and A on both the strands of the DNA to form sticky ends:
5' - G↓AATTC - 3'
3' - CTTAA↑G - 5'
Sticky ends are a fragment of DNA which is produced through a staggered cut, by the use of restriction enzyme. In this the terminal portion stretches with unpaired nucleotides. These kind of ends are easy to ligate when rDNA needs to be formed.
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Many deciduous trees, such as sycamores and aspens, drop their leaves each year. After some time, the nutrients from the leaves become part of the soil and are available again. Which of these types of organisms in an ecosystem is necessary for the nutrients in dropped leaves to become available?
A. consumers
B. decomposers
C. producers
D. herbivores
Answer: a
Explanation:
Many deciduous trees, such as sycamores and aspens, drop their leaves each year. After some time, the nutrients from the leaves become part of the soil and are available again. These type of the nutrients are made available to the soil again by the decomposers.
Deciduous trees are the trees that shed their leaves that sheds off their leaves once in a year usually in autumn.
Decompsers are the organisms that feed on the dead living organisms and their waste to produce energy for themselves including dead matter of plants, animals, fallen off leaves, excreta and other items.
They release the nutrients that are sequestrated in organic matter into the soil so that it can be used up by the plants.
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ancestors of giraffes with shorter necks could not reach branches high up in trees for food. this led to selection for longer-necked giraffes.
With shorter necks, giraffe ancestors could not reach food-containing branches on tall trees. This resulted in the directional selection of giraffes with longer necks.
Why is choosing a direction necessary?
It nearly appears obvious that the giraffe's long neck developed as a result of a lack of food in the lower branches of trees. The giraffe has a significant advantage because it is taller than any other mammal and can feed where few others can.
When compared to modern giraffes, the giraffe's ancient predecessors had a shorter neck. The plants that were lying at a higher level were inaccessible to them. Giraffe phenotypes have changed in various ways, and now have long necks to reach vegetation that is higher up. The extreme form is chosen above other features in directional selection. It was decided to choose the long-necked giraffe over the short-necked.
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make the connection: your heart is dependent on oxygen from your respiratory system, and it is delivered by the(1 point)
Oxygen from the respiratory system is delivered by the circulatory system.
What is the relationship between respiratory and circulatory system?The respiratory system is responsible for delivering oxygen to the circulatory system that is made up of blood vessels which carry blood to the heart and then all cells of our body. Arteries carry blood that is loaded with oxygen from the heart to all cells whereas veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and then to the lungs for disposing carbondioxide. The circulatory system carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells, and removes waste products such as carbon dioxide.
So we can conclude that Oxygen from the respiratory system is delivered by the circulatory system.
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thyroid storm. which treatment should you initiate to reduce his level of circulating thyroid hormone?
High-dose of propylthiouracil (PTU) or the methimazole may be used for the treatment of the thyroid storm. PTU has been theoretical advantage in the severe thyroid storm because of its early and onset of action and to capacity to inhibit the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.
Thyroid storm is the rare life-threatening condition of the thyroid gland. that develops in cases of the untreated hyperthyroidism, or to overactive thyroid (thyrotoxicosis). The thyroid gland is also located in the neck, just to above where that your collarbones meet in the middle of Thyroid storm is the life-threatening health condition that is also associated with the untreated or undertreated hyperthyroidism. During the thyroid storm, an individual's heart rate, the blood pressure, and the body temperature can soar to the dangerously high levels. Without to prompt, the aggressive treatment, the thyroid storm is often fatal.
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how is sociological perspective different from the perspective used in economics or political science
The distinction between sociology and political science is that sociology focuses on how the political system affects other institutions in society, whereas political science devotes more attention to the forces that shape political systems and the theories for understanding these forces.
What is Sociology?This is defined as the study of human societies and their interactions with one another. It also studies the different processes that is responsible for their preservation.
Political system are part of the institutions which are responsible for shaping a society through the different laws created by them. It also studies how human behaviors are treated based on the rule of law.
Political science on the other hand is primarily concerned with the forces that shape political systems and the theories for understanding these forces.
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One primary advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that ________.
Answer:
light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron microscopy
Explanation:
One big advantage of light microscopes is the ability to observe living cells. It is possible to observe a wide range of biological activity, such as the uptake of food, cell division and movement. Additionally, it is possible to use in-vivo staining techniques to observe the uptake of colored pigments by the cells.
why is the δg of atp hydrolysis in the cell about twice as great as the δg of atp hydrolysis in a test tube under standard conditions?
The δg of ATP hydrolysis in the cell about twice as great as the δg of ATP hydrolysis in a test tube under standard conditions because in the cell the reaction is catalyzed by enzymes whereas in the test tube the reaction occurs on its own (spontaneously).
ATP hydrolysis is the reaction in which the breakdown of ATP occurs. This breakdown releases energy which is then used by the various processes of the body. This energy is due to the high energy phospho-anhydride bonds in the ATP.
Enzymes are the biological catalysts that fasten up the rate of reaction. This increase in the rate of reaction is fur to the reduction in the activation energy of the chemical reaction.
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Introductory microbiology laboratories are usually designated as which biosafety level?.
The correct answer is level BSL-1 or BSL-2.
Infectious agents or toxins that are not known to reliably cause disease in healthy humans are studied in BSL-1 labs.
In order to safeguard personnel, the environment, and the general public in a laboratory setting, protective measures are identified using biosafety levels (BSL).Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1)
Infectious agents or toxins that are not known to reliably cause disease in healthy humans are studied in BSL-1 labs. They don't need any specialized tools or architectural characteristics and adhere to standard microbiological practices, which are fundamental safety standards. Surfaces that are simple to clean and resistant to the common chemicals used in the lab are examples of standard engineering controls in BSL-1 facilities.Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)
Infectious agents or toxins with a moderate level of risk that could be dangerous if accidentally inhaled, eaten, or exposed to the skin are studied in BSL-2 facilities. Design specifications for BSL-2 laboratories must have automated closing and locked doors, eye washing stations in case of mishaps, and hand washing sinks. BSL-2 laboratories must also have access to decontamination tools, such as an autoclave, an incinerator, or another technique, depending on the results of the biological risk assessment.Hence, correct answer is BSL-1 or BSL-2.
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which action is caused by gravity? glaciation glaciation frost wedging frost wedging mass wasting mass wasting aeolian bands
Mass wasting is caused by gravitational force.
The motion of soil and rock down the slope under the action of gravity is called mass wasting.
The most common examples of mass wasting are the downward flow of debris from a mountain, slubs, and rock falls.
Usually, these events occur as a result of an earthquake or seismic activity.
However, such events are initiated by frequent rainfall, volcanic activity, shaking, land sliding, weak slope surfaces, and storm waves. etc. Excessive precipitation is also one of the primary reasons behind the mass wasting process.
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