Civil War Research Paper
and Presentation. 500 words!!!

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

The Civil War took place between 1861 and 1865 in the United States, and faced on the one hand the Union, made up of the northern states, and the Confederation, made up of the southern states. The main issue that gave rise to the conflict was slavery: while Southerners sought to legalize the issue in their territories, the northern states sought to abolish slavery and guarantee real equality between whites and African Americans.

It was initiated by the Confederate shelling of Fort Sumter in Charleston Bay in South Carolina on April 12, 1861. It lasted until May 26, 1865, when the last organized centers of Confederate resistance surrendered (in some places the fighting continued until June). As a result of the war 620,000 people were killed, property worth 5 billion dollars was destroyed, and 4 million slaves gained freedom.

Answer 2

Answer:

Explanation:

Cavalry soldiers on large, heavy and strong horses were used to break enemy formations. Some cavalry, and later mounted infantry, also gave commanders mobile firepower on the battlefield. Small, light, fast horses were used to scout, patrol and pursue. ... 'Cavalry is useful before, during, and after the battle. Cavalry regiment was organized in a similar fashion to the infantry and artillery. Cavalry regiments were composed of 10 companies of 100 to 110 troopers each. There were 5 squadrons in a regiment, a squadron being a combination of 2 companies. The role of the cavalry at the beginning of the Civil War was very limited. Horsemen of both armies were initially limited to patrolling and scouting, guarding supply trains and railroads, and providing escorts to generals. They were only used in battle as shock troops, a tactic which dated back to the Romans.


Related Questions

What are some of the ramifications of the one child policy in china?

Answers

Ramification additionally refers to something branching out, like limbs on a tree — which is what awful selections generally tend to do. The ramification is like a result, however generally accidental and horrific.

Pointers: a variety is something that complicates a state of affairs. it's far normally an effect of emotion, but additionally, it is an unintentional and poor one. hence, the word ramification is greater particular than consequence. Ramification additionally refers to "branching out" or the act of dividing into branches, as on a tree.

The political ramifications are top-notch. The lengthy-time period social ramifications of those games continue to be seen. The ramifications of this one, if it goes all of the ways, are big. An economic system dependent on this way, and towards those ends, had its inevitable social and political ramifications.

Learn more about ramifications here:

https://brainly.com/question/1888324

#SPJ9

Which group would most likely have supported eugenics theory?
A. Civil rights reformers
B. Anti-imperialist activists
C. Nativist sympathizers
D. Labor union organizers

Answers

The group that is most likely to support the eugenics theory would be the C. Nativist sympathizers.

What is Eugenics?

The Eugenics theory refers to a notion that humans should engage in controlled breeding where the best qualities are sought after.

It essentially involves limiting the ability of some humans with "weak" genes to breed in favor of those with stronger genes. Nativist sympathizers believe that their nation has superior people and so would most likely support eugenics to increase the number of these "superior" people.

Find out more on eugenics at https://brainly.com/question/11437190

#SPJ1  

please help due in 30 mins

Answers

The new civilization that is created is as follows:

Religion: Monotheism. That is the practice of the worship of only one GodJob Specialization: Specialized systems of labor which include but are not limited to:PotteryAgriculture (Livestock Management and Crop Farming)GoldsmithMetal SmithMilitary Personnel Priests Judges etc.

Cities: Cities are classified according to Tribal Affiliation and origin. There are are twelve cities which is representative of twelve tribes.Government: This civilization operates a theocratic system of government. That is a government that is ruled by God.Language/Writing system: The dominant language is Hebrew.

The Hebrew alphabet, also called as the Ktav Ashuri, Jewish script, square script, and block script by academics, is an abjad script used in writing Hebrew and other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, Judeo-Arabic, and Judeo-Persian.

Technology: In this civilization, the technology is highly advanced especially one that has to do with easing the way of doing things. There is Artificial Intelligence, as well as Spiritual Intelligence. There is also technology that allows people to relate with the highest levels of civility in a society.

Social Hierarchy: The social system here is based on a social class for priests, but the rest of the civilization was largely split into rulers, those in the military or royal court, and working class individuals like farmers and artisans.

What is a Civilization?

A civilization is any sophisticated culture marked by state development, caste systems, urbanization, and symbolic communication technologies other than natural spoken language.

Learn more about Civilization:
https://brainly.com/question/870459
#SPJ1

How could men change their Social standing in the Qing & Ottoman Empires?

Answers

The Ottoman Empire became organized into a totally complicated social structure as it turned into a massive, multi-ethnic and multi-spiritual empire. Ottoman society become divided among Muslims and non-Muslims, with Muslims theoretically having a better standing than Christians or Jews.

Inside the Ottoman empire, there had been 4 unique types of foremost social training. Those have been guys of the pen, men of the sword, guys of negotiation, and the men of husbandry. Guys of the pen is a type of social elegance which become consisted of fantastically educated people like scientists, lawyers, judges, and medical doctors.

The Ottomans accordingly converted among the establishments which had formerly defined the empire, steadily disestablishing the Timar system for you to enhance cutting-edge armies of musketeers, and quadrupling the scale of the forms if you want to facilitate extra efficient collection of revenues.

Learn more about the Ottoman empire here: https://brainly.com/question/788257

#SPJ9

After we eat lunch we can finish our homework denotativo or connotative

Answers

We may complete our assignments after we eat lunch. Connotation is present.

The word "connotative" is defined by the dictionary as having a secondary meaning in addition to its literal meaning, which is frequently influenced by the situation.

A word or phrase's denotation—its clear or literal meaning—is merely one aspect of its connotation, which also refers to a generally accepted cultural or emotional relationship. Examples of connotations are shown below. Cultural and emotional connotations influence the potential meanings of these words: He is such a dog. The term "dog" denotes smugness or ugly behavior in this context. She has a dove's heart, says the person. The dove infers tranquility or gentleness in this context.

To know more about "connotative"

https://brainly.com/question/14905866

#SPJ9

Which general information supports this hook and thesis statement?

Hook: In the hazardous rubble of a catastrophic earthquake or the blazing landscape of an outback wildfire, who is called upon for help when humans can't intervene?

Thesis: Rescue dogs share the desire to assist those in need, but it is not always humans on the receiving end of a helping paw.

Approximately 72 percent of rescue dogs have been formally trained to help where needed.
From the time they are 16 weeks old, lifesaving canines receive in-depth training to prepare them for a variety of serious situations.
Studies show that all animals are born with the desire to save lives, but not all use those abilities.
While I favor animals that rescue humans at risk, those that save other animals are good too.

Answers

The following general information backs up this hook thesis statement, " Studies show that all animals are born with the desire to save lives, but not all use those abilities."

The phrase that entices the reader's attention is referred to as a hook. The hook demonstrates that, during an earthquake, humans are not always the ones that emerge as rescuers. Dogs in rescue operations play a crucial role. The claim that all animals, including humans, have the desire to save lives but are frequently unable to do so will be used to support this viewpoint. Readers will be intrigued to see how dogs factor into this.

The hook is presented in the form of a challenging proposition in the previous remark. The phrase that frequently appears at the start of a piece of writing in order to lure the reader in is known as the hook thesis statement.

Learn more about Hook Thesis Statements here:

https://brainly.com/question/26270292

#SPJ1

The 10th Amendment grants the power to take which of these actions?
The US Treasury Department changes the design of the $20 bill.
A state decides to switch to mail-in ballots as its main form of voting.
The US Congress votes to change the rules related to naturalization.
The federal courts overrule a state law that conflicts with a federal law.

Answers

Answer:

A state decides...

Explanation:

the 10th amendment says that any power not given to feds belongs to the states

The expansion of Islam is partly due to?

A. the fall of the Mongol Empire

B. the Islamic capture of Baghdad

C. Islam's control of Constantinople

D. the alliance between Muslims and the Turks

Answers

The partnership between Turks and Muslims.

What led to the Islamic empire's growth?

Islam was expanded by missionaries, trade, pilgrimage, and military conquest. Over time, Arab Muslim warriors expanded their empire and occupied large lands.

What impact did the Mongols' conversion to Islam have?

Following their conquest of north and east Iran, the Mongols gradually converted to Islam. The Mongol empire underwent transition after turning to Islam, which contributed to their empire's unification. Persian and, to a lesser extent, Turkish became the language of the Mongols, who also restored the Iranian towns they had destroyed.

To Know more about  missionaries

https://brainly.com/question/25815229

#SPJ9

r
7
Belief that people are born bad and need to be controlled:
A) Feudalism
B Legalism
c) Communism
D) Taoism

Answers

Answer:

B. Legalism

Explanation:

Answer:

B. Legalism

Explanation:

In matters of religion, Americans were Concerned that one religion would become more prominent than another. More inclined to be members of an Anglican congregation. More tolerant than their European counterpart. Less tolerant than their European counterpart.​

Answers

The correct option is A). Americans were Concerned that one religion would become more prominent than another.

What were the religious beliefs of the Americans?

Americans had a great belief in the idea that all the people are created equal, whether they are European, Native American, or African American, and all these people have fundamental rights such as right to speech, freedom of religion etc.

Religion played a very major role in the American Revolution as it offered a moral sanction for opposition to the British.

Basically, 69% of the Americans were identified with a Christian religion.

Learn more about religious beliefs of the Americans here:-

https://brainly.com/question/509974

#SPJ1

“Four Freedoms:” What is a central idea about the American people from “Four Freedoms Address”?
What is a central idea about the American people from “Four Freedoms Address”?

A. They are willing to pay more in taxes for programs so long as the government runs those programs well.

B. Many are out of work and frustrated that the government is not providing job opportunities.

C. They are willing to go to war as soon as necessary in order to rescue American allies.

D. They have begun to take their democracy for granted.

Answers

A central idea about the American people from the "Four Freedoms Address” is that C. They are willing to go to war as soon as necessary in order to rescue American allies.

What was the Four Freedoms Speech?

The Four Freedoms Speech was delivered by President Roosevelt in 1941 and in it he talks about the four freedoms of speech, worship, from want, and from fear.

He stated that this was what the American allies in Europe were fighting for and inferred that the U.S. should be willing to go to war as soon as necessary to rescue those American allies.

Find out more on the Four Freedoms Speech at https://brainly.com/question/19735894

#SPJ1

Although the first settled area of South Carolina was Albemarle Point, eventually the English colony moved to
O Roanoke
BackCountry
Charles Town
O Jamestown

Answers

Although the first settled area of South Carolina was Albemarle Point, eventually, the English colony moved to Jamestown.

What is about Jamestown?

In U.S., the first colony was founded at Jamestown, Virg-inia, in 1607 and this allows many of the people to settled in the New World came to escape religious persecution. The colony is called "the first permanent English settlement" in the New World.

Because of this, we will conclude that although the first settled area of South Carolina was Albemarle Point, eventually, the English colony moved to Jamestown.

Read more about Jamestown

brainly.com/question/6700105

#SPJ1

In what ways was this belief of all people not true in America when this was written in
1776

Answers

Explanation:

By issuing the Declaration of Independence, adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, the 13 American colonies severed their political connections to Great Britain. The Declaration summarized the colonists' motivations for seeking independence.

radical republicans passed the civl rights act of 1866 in order to?

Answers

Radical republicans passed the civl rights act of 1866 in order to declare all persons born in the United States to be citizens, "without distinction of race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude."

The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was the first federal statute in the United States to define citizenship and state that all citizens are entitled to the same protection under the law (14 Stat. 27-30, enacted April 9, 1866, reenacted 1870).  Following the American Civil War, its primary goal was to safeguard the civil rights of people of African heritage who were born in or brought to the country

Congress passed the law in 1866, but American President Andrew Johnson overrode his veto. A two-thirds majority in each chamber overrode Johnson's veto of the bill supporting the Thirteenth Amendment in April 1866, allowing it to become law without the need for presidential signature.

Learn more about Civil rights act of 1866 here:

brainly.com/question/639788

#SPJ1

what was Charles Pinckneys stance on the debate of state v. national power?

Answers

Answer:

Throughout his years as a delegate to Congress, Pinckney proved himself a firm advocate of a strengthened national government

Explanation:


In addition to the Bill of Rights,___________ other amendments have been passed
since the Constitution was ratified. A. 17.
B. 10
C. 7
D. 27

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

The Bill of rights takes up 10 amendments of the American Constitution..

There have been 17 others added later on.

Answer: A

Which of the following accurately describes a difference between the development of feudalism in Japan and in Europe?

A The initial source of instability was internal to Japan and outside invaders in Europe.
B There was no exchange of loyalty for protection in Japan.
C All feudal estates were theoretically united in Europe, while in Japan there was no pretense of union.
D There was much conflict between rival lords in Europe, while daimyos did not compete.

Answers

A difference between the development of feudalism in Japan and in Europe was A The initial source of instability was internal to Japan and outside invaders in Europe.

What led to European feudalism?

European feudalism formed as a result of outside threats and invaders from other nations. This necessitated the need for monarchs, lords, and vassals to protect themselves and be protected by enacting feudalism which made it easier to defend a nation at the time.

In Japan however, there were no outside invaders as Japan was kept safe from other nations by water. They were mostly free of outside influences as a result which meant that the instability that led to Japanese feudalism was internal and had nothing to do with outside invaders.

Find out more on Japanese feudalism at https://brainly.com/question/11276385

#SPJ1

hat conclusion can be drawn from the above diagram?
*
Captionless Image
new innovative technologies changed how food was prepared
the development of new breeds of livestock increased food production
the use of the first food preservatives made it more likely that food would not spoil on trade routes between Europe and the Americas
the introduction of new foods from the Americas changed the culture of European nations

Answers

The conclusion that can be drawn from the diagram is that the introduction of new foods from the Americas changed the culture of European nations.

What was the effect of food from the Americas?

The diagram in question is not included but the correct conclusion based on historical facts is that new foods from the Americas changed the way European nations did things.

This is because there were several foods that were found in the Americas that improved the access of Europeans to food and nutrition which led to more people being able to access good food.

For instance, cassava and sweet potatoes came from the Americas and so did tomatoes and peppers. These foods added flavor to European foods and improved nutrition. This changed European cooking culture.

Find out more on foods from the Americas at https://brainly.com/question/1470124

#SPJ1

The Tenth Amendment recognizes the power of state governments. States can_______

A. Maintain a justice system

B. Provide education for inhabitants

C. All are correct

D. Set up local governments

F. None are correct

Answers

Based on the Tenth Amendment, the power of state governments include:

A. Maintain a justice systemB. Provide education for inhabitantsD. Set up local governments

So the powers of state governments are all of the above.

What does the Tenth Amendment do?

The Tenth Amendment states that the powers of government in the United States that are not given to the federal governments belong to state governments.

This means that the state is allowed to maintain a justice system, provide education for people in the state, and set up local governments for easier administration.

Find out more on the Tenth Amendment at https://brainly.com/question/19672095

#SPJ1

In the fictional Stolen Valor Act case of US v. Fields, the prosecution argued that Fields’s lie was

Answers

Answer: Damaging to soldiers

Explanation:

What was a literacy test?
O a test of reading and writing abilities
O
a required fee for voting
O
the original voter registration date
O proof of racial group
DONE

Answers

Answer:

A test of reading and writing abilities.

Explanation:

The definition of literacy is "the ability to read and write."

The answer is: a test of reading and writing abilities

I need help answering this

Answers

The answer to this question is B

Question 3 of 5
How is the modern era different from the Middle Ages?
A. The modern era has seen more economic isolation than the
Middle Ages.
B. The modern era has seen more globalization than the Middle
Ages.
C. The modern era has seen less industrialization than the Middle
Ages.
D. The modern era has seen less colonialism than the Middle Ages.

Answers

The modern era has seen more globalization than the middle ages. The answer correct is option B.

It has been observed by many scholars that the advent of globalization began with Columbus's voyage in 1492. But the real modern globalization began in the 19th century when there was a rapid exchange of resources, finished goods, people and ideas etc. between different places across the globe.

The middle ages lacked this very profound connection among the different economies of the world which could be clearly seen in modern era. This advent of globalization became more significant with beginning of colonization and industrialization.

If we take the example of Europe and India, many Europeans came to India to buy commodities and sell them back home like Vasco Da Gama. The Europeans even established colonies across the globe to carry trade with ease. With the beginning of the industrial revolution in Europe, these colonies served as suppliers of raw materials, labor and a market for finished goods. This lead to the rapid growth of globalization and inter-dependence between nations.  

To know more about globalization visit:

brainly.com/question/25499191

#SPJ9

How does a member of Conaress act as a trustee?

Answers

Answer:

In this model, constituents elect their representatives as 'trustees' for their constituency. These 'trustees' have autonomy to deliberate and act as they see fit, in their own conscience even if it means going against the explicit desires of their constituents; this is also called a free mandate.

Explanation:

Answer:

aaaaasddfffdddddddddsssss

Who has historically told the Jamestown story?

Answers

Answer:Lyon G. Tyler

Explanation:

Discuss the history of terrorism.

Answers

terrorism, the calculated use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective. Terrorism has been practiced by political organizations with both rightist and leftist objectives, by nationalistic and religious groups, by revolutionaries, and even by state institutions such as armies, intelligence services, and police.

Definitions of terrorism are usually complex and controversial, and, because of the inherent ferocity and violence of terrorism, the term in its popular usage has developed an intense stigma. It was first coined in the 1790s to refer to the terror used during the French Revolution by the revolutionaries against their opponents.

Giving brainliest
All stuff in pictyure

Answers

C is the best themes present

1)Explain what you think was the most important way that the US government assisted in the settling of the West in the last half of the 19th century. Be sure to include why it was more important than the other things that it did.

2)Using something other than the way that you used in #1, explain one way that the government aided and accelerated the economic growth of the last half of the 1800s.

3)Briefly explain what happened and the significance of either Wounded Knee or the Ghost Dance.

4)Briefly explain one major reason that people moved west.

5)Briefly describe a bad policy and outcome for Native Americans beyond death, war, and being on reservations that happened to Native Americans between 1880 & 1910.

6)Explain the impact of one invention or innovation of the last half of the 19th century. It needs to be its impact before 1900.


Some one please help me on this please asp

Answers

1. Essentially, the U.S. government settled the West through the Pacific Railroads. The railroads enticed migrants to the West.

2. The economic growth of the last half of the 1800s, especially in the West, was triggered by the government enacting the Homestead Act. The Act provided each migrant with 160 acres of land after five years of attaining U.S. citizenship.

3. During the Wounded Knee saga, the U.S. government used its soldiers to massacre more than 300 Lakotan Indians at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota, unconstitutionally banning Native Americans from engaging in a new religion known as the Ghost Dance.

4. The migrants massively moved West to farm, ranch, and mine on the free land provided by the United States government.  Remember, the Gold Rush.

5. One bad policy and outcome for Native Americans beyond death, war, and being on reservations between 1880 and 1910 was the erosion of their tribal traditions and cultural practices. Former hunters became forced farmers and lived with feuding tribes on the same reservation.

6. One invention that impacted the last half of the 19th century was the motive powers of steam and electricity.

What were the benefits of settling the West?

Before discussing the costs of settling the West, let us examine some benefits.

The westward expansion enlarged the territories of the United States, affording it more access to rare natural resources and making the Pacific trade easier.

The westward expansion gingered the invention of steamboats, canals, and transcontinental railroads.

But, Native Americans bore the brunt of the westward expansion, as has been enumerated above.

Learn more about the Westward Expansion at https://brainly.com/question/693883

#SPJ1

Which general information supports this hook and thesis statement?

Hook: In the hazardous rubble of a catastrophic earthquake or the blazing landscape of an outback wildfire, who is called upon for help when humans can't intervene?

Thesis: Rescue dogs share the desire to assist those in need, but it is not always humans on the receiving end of a helping paw.

Approximately 72 percent of rescue dogs have been formally trained to help where needed.
From the time they are 16 weeks old, lifesaving canines receive in-depth training to prepare them for a variety of serious situations.
Studies show that all animals are born with the desire to save lives, but not all use those abilities.
While I favor animals that rescue humans at risk, those that save other animals are good too.

Answers

Answer:

C : Studies show that all animals are born with the desire to save lives, but not all use those abilities.

Explanation:

I got it correct on the test

This hook and thesis statement are supported by the following general information: According to studies, all animals have the capacity to save lives, but not all of them do so.

Thus, Option C is correct.

What is the hook and thesis statement?

A powerful statement hook is a phrase that makes a bold assertion about your subject. It ties in with the thesis statement and highlights how significant your essay or paper is. It doesn't matter whether your reader agrees or disagrees with your opinion, making a forceful assertion is a great method.

The thesis statement, which serves as a sort of mini-outline for the work and informs the reader of its subject, should also be included in the first paragraph. A transitional "hook" that leads the reader to the opening paragraph of the paper's body must also be present in this paragraph's final sentence.

For more information about the thesis statement refer to the link:

https://brainly.com/question/27811693

#SPJ5

The Compromise of 1850 sought to settle disputes between north and south after the US acquired new
territories in the Mexican-American War. It admitted California into the Union as a free state but also
included a strict Fugitive Slave Law. What was the reaction to this compromise?

Answers

The  reactions was anger  on both the northern and southern sides that  led to form  more division in the US and continued to let  the stage for the Civil War.

What did the Compromise of 1850 did for the North and South?

By September, Clay's Compromise becomes  law. California was denoted  to the Union as the 16th free state. In contrast , the south was guaranteed that no federal restrictions  would be charged on slavery .

What were the provisions of the Compromise of 1850?

It guarantees  California to enter the Union as a free state. It divided the parts  of the Mexican Cession into the territories of New Mexico and Utah. It end  the slave trade in Washington, D.C.

Learn more about Compromise of 1850:

brainly.com/question/8165267

#SPJ9

Other Questions
Cual es la conexin entre The lost boys of Sudan y A long walk to water Which statement best represents how structure relates to function?O Parrots typically lay clutches of 2-4 eggs per year.O Longer legs and different hip bones let modern humans walk upright.O Hummingbird feathers come in a wide variety of iridescent colors.O When a sandhill crane finds a mate, it bonds for life. the state education department requires local school districts to keep these records on all students: age, race or ethnicity, days absent, current grade level, standardized test scores in reading and mathematics, and any disabilities or special educational needs. can someone pls help me write an editorial about a patriot during the american revolution with at least 2 paragraphs Can u please help me I am supposed to write a song for my Dad for a project due by September 17. But I don't know where to start. Activity 3: Directions: Choose at least 5 idiomatic expressions above and use it in a sentence.. 2. 4 5. on january 1, year 2, a company finances the purchase of equipment by issuing a $15,000 noninterest-bearing note payable. the note will be paid in 10 equal annual installments of $1,500 beginning on december 31, year 2. the market rate of interest for notes of this type is 5%. the following present value factors are provided. for what amount should the company record the equipment on january 1, year 2? the present value of $1 at 5% for 10 periods 0.61391 the present value of an ordinary annuity of $1 at 5% for 10 periods 7.72173 the present value of an annuity due of $1 at 5% for 10 periods 8.10782 a. $9,209 b. $11,583 c. $12,162 d. $15,000 WHO AM I YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW essay the primary health care provider prescribes daily fasting blood glucose levels for a client with diabetes mellitus. which is the goal of fasting glucose levels for a cloent with diabetes mellitus A survey was carried out among 120 school children looked at which type of meat they preferred. 55%said they preferred lamb,20% said they preferred chicken, 15% preferred duck and 10% turkey . calculate the number of children in each category A Ornithologist is a bird expert. if the supply of green tea rises, the equilibrium quantity will , and the equilibrium price will . this is because HELP...............................! ! Which roman art style used perspective to create 3D images on a flat surface? A. incrustationB. architectural styleC. ornate styleONLY ANSWER CHOICES Mrs. Richardson performed an experiment on how the type of music affected plant growth. She sets up an experiment playing rock music, jazz music, country music, and rap music to fern plants. She also has a fern plant that she puts in a quiet room. She measures how tall the plants have grown after 4 weeks. They all received the same amount of water and light.What is the dependent variable? aRock, jazz, country, rap, and no music bAmount of water and light cType of music dPlant growth Name an element in the second period (row) of the periodic table with six 2p electrons a 1250 kg car traveling at a speed of 25.0 m/s rounds a 175 m radius curve. assuming the road is level, determine the coefficient of static friction between the cars tires and the road. Mr.letter has 80 sheets of colored paper. seven of his students need the paper for a project. how many sheets does each student get. how many sheets are left over? assessing the usability of wearable devices to measure gait and physical activity in chronic conditions: a systematic review purchasing and supply chain management (the mcgraw-hill/irwin series in operations and decision) 3rd edition