Enzymatic activation of pyruvate kinase increases cytosolic oxaloacetate to inhibit the Warburg effect is a research paper written by Elizabeth K Wiese, Sadae Hitosugi, Sharon T Loa, Annapoorna Sreedhar, Lindsey G Andres-Beck, Kiran Kurmi, Yuan-Ping Pang, Larry M Karnitz, Wilson I Gonsalves and Taro Hitosugi.
What is the abstract?The PKM2 paradox in the Warburg effect is a phenomena whereby lactate generation is lowered following pharmacological stimulation of the glycolytic enzyme PKM2 or expression of the constitutively active PKM1 isoform in cancer cells. Here, we demonstrate that oxaloacetate (OAA) inhibits human lactate dehydrogenase A competitively, and that increased PKM2 activity boosts the de novo production of OAA by glutaminolysis, inhibiting LDHA in cancer cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the contradictory relationship between increased PKM2 activity and lower lactate concentration in cancer cells treated with a PKM2 activator was abolished by substituting human LDHA with rabbit LDHA, which is highly resistant to OAA inhibition. In addition, rabbit LDHA-expressing tumors were more resistant to the PKM2 activator than human LDHA-expressing tumors in mice.
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When your muscles contract to move your body, such as during walking, work is done, and work requires energy. Based on the law of conservation of energy, from where does this energy come?.
The breakdown of ATP provides the energy needed for muscle contraction, however, the amount of ATP present in muscle cells is only enough to power a brief period of contraction.
Because it breaks the myosin-actin cross-bridge and releases the myosin for the following contraction, ATP is essential for muscle contractions.
Actin and Myosin muscle fibers are worked on by releasing the chemical potential energy contained in bonds within ATP, and then work is required to rebuild those bonds.During cross-bridge cycling, ATP is hydrolyzed, converting chemical energy into mechanical energy during muscle contraction. This mechanical energy is then distributed throughout the tissue and stored there as the muscle contracts or is used for an external effort.Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the body's biochemical means of storing and transporting energy, is the source of energy that is used to drive the movement and contraction of working muscles.Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), found in muscles, provides energy. ATP levels in muscles are typically quite low. Creatine phosphate (CP) and muscle glycogen must be used to recreate ATP when it is low.Learn more about ATP here:
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which type of amino acid would you expect to find in large numbers in a protein found in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent (a very hot environment)?
The type of amino acid that is expected to be found in large numbers in a protein found in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent is called Cysteines.
What is hydrothermal vent?The hydrothermal vent is defined as an outlet that is located at the base of the sea which allows the release of underground heated water.
Cysteines is the type of amino acid that doesn't denature when subjected to high temperature.
Therefore the type of amino acid that is expected to be found in large numbers in a protein found in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent is called Cysteines
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Who was G. Stanley Hall and what did he mean by "storm and stress?"
Answer: The Father of Adolescence
Explanation: G. Stanley Hall, came up with the term 'storm and stress' to describe adolescence in 1904. He referred to an adolescent's decreased level of self-control as the 'storm' and their increased sensitivity as the 'stress'.
Identify physical and chemical characteristics of water
The physical characteristics of water include temperature, color, taste and odor, turbidity and specific conductivity. The chemical characteristics of water include pH, dissolved oxygen, total solids and suspended solids, hardness and chloride content.
Water has physical, chemical as well as biological characteristics. The physical characteristics like temperature, color, taste and odor, turbidity help in determining the quality of water to a large extent. The specific conductivity gives an estimate about total quantity of dissolved salts present in water.
The chemical characteristics like pH help in determining the acidity or alkalinity of water using a logarithmic scale while dissolved oxygen represents the amount of free, non-compound oxygen found in water.
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The prevalence of genetically predisposed traits that have a reproductive advantage is best explained in terms of.
The prevalence of genetically predisposed traits that have a reproductive advantage is best explained in terms of natural selection.
What is natural selection?Natural selection is the process of selecting only dew traits to go to the next generation. Those traits are selected that are better and that can withstand future conditions.
It is a genetic process which is done naturally by the environment.
Thus, Natural selection provides the best explanation for the prevalence of genetically predisposed features that are advantageous for reproduction.
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Whether or not a person detects a stimulus depends only upon that person’s absolute threshold. True or false?.
Answer: false................
Do the winds in Paris bring a seasonal change
various terms denote chains of amino acids based on the size of the chains. put the terms protein, peptide, and polypeptide in order from smallest at the top to largest at the bottom.
The correct order is peptide, polypeptide, Protein.
What is Protein?Large molecules and macromolecules known as proteins are made up of one or more extended amino acid residue chains. Among the many tasks that proteins carry out in living things include catalyzing metabolic processes, replicating DNA, reacting to stimuli, giving cells and organisms structure, and moving molecules from one place to another.
The primary way that proteins differ from one another is in the order of their amino acids, which is determined mostly by nucleotide sequence of their genes and typically causes a protein to fold into a certain 3D structure that controls its activity.
A polypeptide is an ordered sequence of amino acid residues. At least one lengthy polypeptide is present in every protein.
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The chains of amino acids from smallest to largest-
- peptide
- polypeptide
- protein
What are amino acids?Organic substances known as amino acids have both functional groups for amino and carboxylic acids. Alpha-amino acids, which make up proteins, are by far the most common amino acids in nature despite the fact that there are hundreds of them. The genetic coding only contains 22 alpha amino acids.
The locations of the primary structural functional groups in amino acids can be categorized as alpha, beta, gamma, or delta amino acids; further classifications relate to polarity, ionization, and the type of side chain group (aliphatic, acyclic, aromatic, containing hydroxyl or sulfur, etc.).
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Why is the plasma membrane considered as a barrier?
Answer:
They are semi-permeable, which means that some molecules can diffuse across the lipid bilayer but others cannot.
Explanation:
please make my answer as brainelist
blood, which is made up of multiple cell types including red and white blood cells, is an example of a(n)
The blood, which is made up of multiple cell types including red and white blood cells, is an example of a tissue.
What is a tissue?A tissue can be defined as a group of specialized cells that emerges by differentiation and work together to perform a given task (or more than only one) in the body.
In conclusion, the blood, which is made up of multiple cell types including red and white blood cells, is an example of a tissue.
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a forest is cut down to make room for a housing development. which population is most likely to survive? question 5 options: raccoons, which can eat a variety of foods woodpeckers that need to nest in a particular tree large predators that need to hunt over a wide area salamanders that hibernate in rotting logs
Raccoons can eat a variety of foods, according to the situation that forest is cut down to make room for a housing development, so this population has the best chance of survival. The correct option is A.
What is specialist species?Specialist species are the ones that require very particular resources. These lifeform frequently have a limited diet or necessitate a proper habitat condition to stay alive. Specialists encompass tigers salamanders.
A generalist species can thrive in a long area of environmental conditions as well as utilize a wide range of resources for illustration, a heterotroph with a varied feeding habits.
A specialist species can only thrive in a limited range of environmental conditions or generally has a restricted diet.
Raccoons can eat a variety of foods based on their respective environment. This population has the greatest chance of sustaining life as the forest is cut down to make room for a housing development..
Thus, the correct option is A.
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chlorella and paramecium are both unicellular eukaryotic organisms living in freshwater. chlorella is photosynthetic and has a cell wall. which organelle will be found in chlorella but not the paramecium?
Contractile vacuole is an organelle will be found in chlorella but not the paramecium.
The lowest metazoans, such as sponges and hydras, and freshwater protozoa have regulating organelles called contractile vacuoles that gather extra fluid from the protoplasm and occasionally release it into the surrounding media. Wastes containing nitrogen may also be excreted.
The contractile vacuole (CV) complex is an osmoregulatory organelle found in free-living amoebae and protozoa that regulates intracellular water balance by storing and excreting excess water, enabling cells to survive under hypotonic stress, like that found in pond water.
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cartilaginous fish (chondrichthyes): have a swim bladder. have teeth mineralized by calcium phosphate. are generally freshwater species. have well-developed kidneys.
Cartilaginous fish Chondrichthyes have teeth mineralized by calcium phosphate. The correct option is B.
What are Chondrichthyes?Chondrichthyes is a class of cartilaginous fishes, which have skeletons made primarily of cartilage.
They differ from the Osteichthyes, or bony fishes, which have skeletons made mostly of bone tissue.
Calcium phosphate mineralizes the teeth of cartilaginous fish. Mineralization of teeth is an operation in which living organisms incorporate cellular material with environmental minerals.
This process occurs to form a matrix structure, which usually results in harden structures such as tooth enamel or bone matrices.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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What processes make up the general life cycle of spermatophytes? (choose all that apply)
Spermatophytes are the seed-bearing plants. Spermatophytes are also known as phanerogams. The major stages or processes that make up the life cycle of spermatophytes are pollination, germination and fertilization. Thus, correct options are A, B and C.
What are Spermatophytes?Spermatophytes are the plants that form seeds. Spermatophyte is the largest vascular plant lineage. Spermatophyte is divided into two major classes- Gymnosperms and Angiosperms on the basis of structure of ovary.
Spermatophytes produce seeds by the fertilization of male and female gametes. These gametes come under close contact by pollination. Pollination is the process by which pollens (male gametes) are transferred to female gamete. After pollination, the gametes undergo fertilization to produce zygote which produce seeds. These seeds again undergo germination to produce the whole plant. Thus, A, B and C are the correct options.
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Your question is incomplete, probably the complete question/missing part is:
What processes make up the general life cycle of spermatophytes? (choose all that apply)
A. pollination
B. germination
C. fertilization
D. cell respiration
Suggest why farmers in low-income countries may not use selective herbicides
Answer:
Many farmers in developing countries view pesticide use as the best means to
protect their crops against pests, such as desert locusts in parts of Africa this year, which are often the main
threat they face. As such, pesticides can provide the only form of crop insurance available.
Explanation:
2017 schulick endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress are jointly expressed in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (ipf)
There exist a link between lung fibrosis and stress on the endoplasmic reticulum.
Many fibrotic diseases such as Idiopathic Progression Fibrosis are related to the stress on the endoplasmic reticulum. The discovery of the first case of ER stress was fifteen years ago along with the discovery of a mutation in protein C. With apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells, differentiation of fibroblast and polarization M2 macrophage, lung fibrosis, and ER stress is linked with each other.
Various analyses and tests are being performed to understand the effects of ER stress and the factors that result in ER result in cells such as macrophages, alveolar epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. So, there exists a link between lung fibrosis and stress on the endoplasmic reticulum.
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The best description of the greenhouse effect is that it _______. a. is solely the result of burning fossil fuels b. generates heat in the atmosphere c. traps the heat generated by burning fossil fuels d. collects heat emitted by the sun please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Answer:
D
Explanation:
you need vitamins to use the carbohydrates, fats, and proteins you consume and to sustain numerous chemical reactions in your body.
True, B vitamins help human bodies utilize minerals, produce new red blood cells, use carbohydrates, protein, and fat, and maintain a healthy nervous system. The three most well-known B vitamins are thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin. Everybody has to take B-Complex vitamins every day.
Thiamin- Vitamin B1
Riboflavin- Vitamin B2
Niacin- Vitamin B3
Red Blood Cells (RBC)- Red blood cells are the cells responsible for the oxygen transport to all the cells of the living organism. RBC have hemoglobin which is responsible for red color in blood.
B-Complex vitamins contains 12 different types of Vitamin B which also includes, B1, B2, and B3.
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the experiments of francesco redi used the scientific method to prove the idea of spontaneous generation. disproved that maggots and flies were related. determined that fly larvae were present in raw meat, and when left on the counter they turned into flies. disproved the idea of spontaneous generation. disproved the scientific method.
The experiments of Francesco Redi disproved the idea of spontaneous generation. The correct option is D.
Who is Francesco Redi?Francesco Redi, an Italian physician and poet, demonstrated that the presence of maggots in putrefying meat is not due to spontaneous generation, but rather to flies' eggs laid on the meat.
Redi concluded that the maggots were caused by flies laying eggs on the meat in the open jar.
Maggots were not produced because the flies were unable to lay eggs on the meat in the covered jar.
As a result, Redi demonstrated that decaying meat did not produce maggots.
Francesco Redi's experiments disproved the concept of spontaneous generation.
Thus, the correct option is D.
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the ability of the kidneys to remove molecules from the blood plasma by excreting them in the urine is known as .
the ability of the kidneys to remove molecules from the blood plasma by excreting them in the urine is known as Glomerular filtration. one can estimate the efficiency of Glomerular by GFR Glomerular filtration rate
Measuring measured GFR (mGFR) is a difficult and time-consuming method that is not practicable for patients or doctors, making it difficult to obtain an accurate GFR level. Because of this, medical experts utilise a formula to determine GFR (eGFR). For diagnosing renal disease, which frequently has no symptoms until right before the kidneys fail, accurate estimates of GFR are crucial. A straightforward blood test that evaluates your creatinine levels is the typical method for estimating GFR. The regular breakdown of muscle tissue and the digestion of food protein both produce creatinine, a waste product. In addition to CKD, other factors such as food, muscle mass, or the weight of your muscles, malnutrition, and other chronic conditions can also have an impact on creatinine levels.
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A scientist isolated DNA from a particular bacterium and decided to analyze it. The sequence of the bacterial DNA is ATGGGCTASTCTT What will
the complementary strand be?
complementary strand of ATGGGCTASTCTT will TACCCGATAGAA
Base Pairing is a principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosineReplication is process of copying DNA prior to cell divisionDNA Polymerase copys DNA prior to cell divisionTransformation is process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteriagene is section of DNA that codes for a specific traitgenome is the entire "library" of genetic instructions in DNA that an organism inheritsgenotype is the combination of alleles located on homologous chromosomes that determines a specific characteristicTo know more about complementary strand visit :
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When an ecosystem contains many different species, there are usually a high number of links in its food web. How does this affect the sustainability of the ecosystem?.
When an ecosystem contains many different species, there are usually a high number of links in its food web. The sustainability will not be affected if one link is removed hence typically if one link in the food web is removed, the ecosystem will remain stable.
In the field of science, we describe an ecosystem as the combination of all the biotic and abiotic factors of an area.
If there are many biotic factors i.e many species present in an area, then this means that there are more number of organisms acting as predators and prey. Even if the population of a single species decline, there will be a substitute species present on which a predator can feed.
A greater number of species means a greater number of links in a food web. Hence, for such an ecosystem, sustainability will not be affected if a single link is removed from the food web.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
When an ecosystem contains many different species, there are usually a high number of links in its food web. How does this affect the sustainability of the ecosystem?
A. Typically, if one link in the food web is added, the ecosystem will change its location.
B. Typically, if one link in the food web is removed, the ecosystem will no longer exist.
C. Typically, if one link in the food web is removed, the ecosystem will remain stable.
D. Typically, if one link in the food web is added, the ecosystem will destabilize.
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Put the following events into the correct order in which they are thought to have occurred according to the impact hypotethesis
Here is the order of events which they are thought to have occurred according to the impact hypothesis.
impactdebris and tsunami devastate North Americasoot released by global forest fireslong global winterextinction of large fraction of all speciesThe moon may have formed from the ejecta of a collision between the proto-Earth and a planet the size of Mars around 4.5 billion years ago, according to the giant-impact hypothesis, also known as the Big Splash or the Theia Impact (about 20 to 100 million years after the Solar System coalesced).
Theia, the name of the fabled Greek Titan who was Selene, the goddess of the Moon's mother, is frequently used to refer to the colliding bodies. According to a 2016 report on lunar rock analysis, the impact may have been a direct hit, thoroughly mixing both parent planets.
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proteomics differs from genomics because proteomics concerns the complete set of an organism's proteins.
Proteomics and genomics are topics that interact frequently. The primary distinction between genomics and proteomics is that the former studies the whole set of genes in a cell's genome, while the latter studies the entire set of proteins the cell produces.
Through the genetic code, the nucleotide sequence of a gene dictates the amino acid sequence of a protein. In order to make the appropriate proteins, mRNA is translated from genes into mRNA The total expressed proteins in an organism are represented by the proteome. Proteomics refers to the field of research that identifies the traits, structures, functions, and expressions of every protein in a cell.
Understanding the structure, function, location, and regulation of an organism's genes requires genomic studies. Since proteins are the actual functional molecules in cells and represent true physiological conditions, proteomics investigations are more advantageous.
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based on cell size and complexity, prokaeyotic cells would be expected to
based on cell size and complexity, prokaryotic cells would be expected to have fewer ribosomes.
What is the function of ribosomes?
Any cell's ribosome produces proteins as its primary function. Almost all biological processes involve the utilization of proteins; they operate as catalysts to speed up activities; as fibers, they give support; and many proteins perform specific jobs, such as contracting muscle cells. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the precursor to all proteins. A unique protein called RNA polymerase is an enzyme that can identify DNA sequences, bind to them with the assistance of other proteins, and produce a new information molecule that can go from the cell's nucleus to its cytoplasm. On its way out of the nucleus, the strand of ribonucleic acid (RNA) created by RNA polymerase is processed, and regions of the RNA that do not code for proteins are deleted. The molecule is now referred to as an mRNA, or messenger RNA.
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Humans all have the same genes as other humans, but the alleles may differ between individuals. True or false?.
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Most genes are the same in all people, but a small number of genes (less than 1 percent of the total) are slightly different between people. Alleles are forms of the same gene with small differences in their sequence of DNA bases. These small differences contribute to each person's unique physical features
a disease agent can affect more than one organ of the body, and more than one disease agent can affect the same organ of the body. which term best describes this aspect of disease etiology?
A disease agent can affect more than one organ of the body, and more than one disease agent can affect the same organ of the body are multifactorial in origin
What is Multifactorial inheritance ?When more than one factor contributes to a trait or health issue, such as a birth defect or persistent sickness, this is referred to as multifactorial inheritance. Genes can play a role, but other non-gene-related factors can also be important. These may consist of: Nutrition. Lifestyle
There is general agreement that there are numerous mechanisms and reasons involved in sudden infant death syndrome, which is complex. Understanding the complex and multifaceted nature of obesity requires a study of genotype by environment interactions.Learn more about Multifactorial inheritance here:
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A woman brings in a spray puppy she has rescued off the street. She wants to adopt the dog.
but it looks sick. The dog seems tired, will not eat, and has diarrhea. Dr. Snyder looks very concerned. He takes a small sample of the puppy's feces and runs a test. Fifteen minutes later he comes back with bad news: the puppy has parvovirus. The disease is often fetal, but many dogs survive with good treatment.
Dr. Snyder tells Lizzie that parvovirus is preventable, and a dog cannot get infected if it is given a shot.
What type of shot would prevent a dog from the parvovirus disease? Explain how this shot protects a
dog so it cannot get sick from a virus.
Answer:
DHPP Vaccine
Explanation:
is used to protect your pet
magro-malosso er, saccone g, di tommaso m, et. al.: neuraxial analgesia to increase the success rate of external cephalic version: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. am j obstet gynecol 2016; 215: pp. 276-286.
The correct answer is neuraxial analgesia improves the success rate of external cephalic version in women with malpresentation at term or late preterm, which increases the likelihood of vaginal delivery.
The use of neuraxial analgesia improves the success rate of external cephalic version in women with malpresentation at term or late preterm, which increases the likelihood of vaginal delivery. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS). The use of local anaesthetic in or around the CNS is referred to as neuraxial anaesthesia. Spinal anaesthesia is a type of neuraxial anaesthesia in which a local anaesthetic is administered directly into the intrathecal space (subarachnoid space). Neuraxial analgesia can be used to relieve labour pain and provide an in-situ epidural catheter for rapid conversion to surgical anaesthesia for operative delivery if necessary.
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Write a grammatically correct sentence that compares that reactants and products of respiration
The reactant involved in cellular respiration is glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules, while the products are six molecules of carbondioxide and six molecules of water respectively. The chemical equation is
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
Cellular respiration is a catabolic process thus the reaction is exothermic yielding energy in the form of ATP. Cellular respiration is a process that spans through glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and the electron transport chain in supply the cells of the body with requisite energy for getting work done. The reverse reaction of cellular respiration is referred to as photosynthesis.
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