Cardiac transplantation in the united states: an analysis of the UNOs registry is a research paper by Matthew J. Everly.
What is the abstract?For people with advanced heart disease, cardiac transplantation is a crucial choice. The number of heart transplants carried out annually in the US is around 2,000. Due to a shortage of contributors, this figure has stayed fairly steady. Coronary artery disease and dilated cardiomyopathy were the two main causes of cardiac transplants prior to the last 20 years, however dilated cardiomyopathy has since replaced coronary artery disease as the leading factor.
With the introduction of more recent immunosuppressive drugs, survival rates have increased (tacrolimus and mycophenolate). For 43,906 heart transplants, the median survival time was around 9 years. The survival rate was still declining at 20 years, reaching only 10%. Seven-year survival rates were 59%, 62%, and 65%, respectively, for patients who received heart transplants between 1998 and 1994, 1995 and 2000, and 2000 and 2007.
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the process by which specificity and diversity is generated among genes coding for t cell receptors (tcrs) and b cell receptors (bcrs) is:
The process by which specificity and diversity is generated among genes coding for t cell receptors (tcrs) and b cell receptors (bcrs) is: receptor diversity .
The exonuclease trimming of germline genes, V(D)J recombination, and the random insertion of non-template encoded nucleotides are basically identical procedures that are used to create the B cell receptor (BCR) and T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires.
The degree to which an immune response can distinguish between different antigenic variations is known as specificity. A straightforward method determines the relative affinity of T cell receptors or pure antibodies for various antigens.
The variety of various cell types that make up a tissue or organism is referred to as cell type diversity.
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type ii restriction enzymes, such as ecori, that make staggered cuts within its recognition sequence, are considered more effective in biotechnology because..
Type II restriction enzymes, such as Ecor I, that make staggered cuts within its recognition sequence, are considered more effective in biotechnology because they result in cohesive or sticky ends.
What is Ecor I and why are sticky ends important?Ecor I is a kind of restriction enzyme which is obtained from Escherichia coli. The palindromic sequence recognized by this enzyme is 5' - GAATTC - 3'. It makes the following cuts between G and A on both the strands of the DNA to form sticky ends:
5' - G↓AATTC - 3'
3' - CTTAA↑G - 5'
Sticky ends are a fragment of DNA which is produced through a staggered cut, by the use of restriction enzyme. In this the terminal portion stretches with unpaired nucleotides. These kind of ends are easy to ligate when rDNA needs to be formed.
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select two functions of the cell membrane. select one: a. housing the dna and accessing the dna. b. to produce and break down secretions. c. to provide cellular energy and to produce mitochondria. d. to move the cell and help it to divide. e. enabling the cell to communicate and attach to other cells.
Two functions of the cell membrane are: e. enabling the cell to communicate and attach to other cells.
The cell membrane can be described as a semi-permeable membrane that allows the selective entry of materials into and out of a cell. Other than this, there are various other functions that a cell membrane plays an active role in.
A cell membrane allows a cell to attach to an extracellular matrix or to other cells so that two cells can communicate with each other. Also, the ability of the cell membrane to join with other cells causes tissue formation. Through membrane signaling, which is a feature of the cell membrane, two cells can connect biophysically. Hence, the correct option is e. enabling the cell to communicate and attach to other cells.
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when studying inherited traits, it was noticed that the environment can change the expression of a gene. so, for instance, "tall" pea plants planted in poor soil will not grow to their full potential. this effect is part of the study of:
When studying inherited traits, it was noticed that the environment can change the expression of a gene. So, for instance, "tall" pea plants planted in poor soil will not grow to their full potential. This effect is part of the study of: epigenetics.
Genes are the basic unit of heredity. It contains the information for a particular trait that can be passed on from one generation to another. A gene can have several alternative forms, known as allele.
Epigenetics refers to the changes m]in the genes that cannot be inherited. These changes are generally made due to environmental influence. These changes are reversible. DNA methylation or acetylation are examples of epigenetics.
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what type of traps did the urban ecologist chris j. schell use that has motion sensors to take pictures of wildlife
Answer: wildlife remote trigger camera traps
Explanation:
Factors in the environment that an organisms reacts to, such as light, temperature, sound are known as.
Factors in the environment that an organism reacts to, such as light, temperature, and sound are known as stimuli.
In the field of ecology, abiotic factors can be described as the non-living components of an ecosystem. When an organism reacts to these abiotic factors such as light, temperature, and sound then these are perceived as stimuli.
A stimulus is a change in the environment that is detected by the sensory receptors. A signal is carried through these receptors to the central nervous system (CNS). The central nervous system interprets this message and sends a response signal through the effector motor neurons to respond to the stimulus.
The intensity of a stimulus is measured by the number of action potentials that are received by the central nervous system (CNS).
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polypeptides are synthesized from amino acid building blocks. the condensation reaction between the growing polypeptide chain and the next amino acid to be added involves the loss of
Polypeptides are synthesized from amino acid building blocks. the condensation reaction between the growing polypeptide chain and the next amino acid to be added involves the loss of a water molecule.
What are polypeptides?Using peptide bonds, short chains of amino acids form peptides. Oligopeptides are chains of fewer than twenty amino acids, and they comprise dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides. A polypeptide is a continuous, unbranched peptide chain that is longer.
Function of polypeptides :By joining many amino acids together, polypeptides contribute to the creation of proteins. When two or more polypeptides are joined together to form a protein, the resulting structure is unique to that protein. Polypeptides are peptides with more than 100 amino acid units in them. Amalin and glucagon are two examples.
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To which groups of animals are vertebrates most closely related phylogenetically
Vertebrates are most closely related phylogenetically to a group of animals called tunicates and lancelets.
According to the chordate family tree, the physical characteristics of vertebrates are very much similar to tunicates and lancelets.
Lancelets are elongated and small marine invertebrates while tunicates are marine invertebrates with a hard and rubbery outer coat.
The family tree of chordates shows that vertebrates have come similarities with tunicates. However, the notochord disappears in adult tunicates while in vertebrates, the notochord is replaced by a backbone in the adult stage.
According to molecular analysis of animals, vertebrates are more closely related to lancelets than tunicates.
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About twenty-five of the ninety-two natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these twenty-five elements make up approximately 96 percent of living matter?.
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen About 96 percent of biological matter is made up of four of these twenty-five components.
What components makes up matter?Atoms are the microscopic basic building block of all stuff. The different shapes that matter can take depend on how the atoms are arranged. These are the so-called "states of matter." Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states that are most common on Earth.
Why is matter important?Even if they are live or inanimate objects. Everything around us is made up of matter, which is significant because it cannot be generated or destroyed but only altered.
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ASAP What is a meter? Give two examples of objects that are a meter in length.
Answer:
A meter is a standard metric unit equal to about 3 feet 3 inches. This means that a meter is part of the metric system of measurement. Guitars, baseball bats, and yard sticks are examples of objects that are about one meter long.
Explanation:
Answer:
a meter is 3.3 feet.
examples: a meterstick and a baseball bat
Explanation:
When an ecosystem contains many different species, there are usually a high number of links in its food web. How does this affect the sustainability of the ecosystem?.
When an ecosystem contains many different species, there are usually a high number of links in its food web. The sustainability will not be affected of such an ecosystem because typically if one link in the food web is removed, the ecosystem will remain stable.
In the field of science, a food web can be described as a combination of all the food chains in an area. It shows how the different species of an ecosystem are dependent upon each other.
A greater number of organisms in an ecosystem means that there are a greater number of organisms present to act as prey or predator for other species. If one of the links or species is removed from such an ecosystem, a substitute species is present to act as prey or predator in place of it.
Hence, for an ecosystem that has a high number of links in the food web, the ecosystem will remain stable even if a single organism is removed from it.
When an ecosystem contains many different species, there are usually a high number of links in its food web. How does this affect the sustainability of the ecosystem?
A. Typically, if one link in the food web is added, the ecosystem will change its location.
B. Typically, if one link in the food web is removed, the ecosystem will no longer exist.
C. Typically, if one link in the food web is removed, the ecosystem will remain stable.
D. Typically, if one link in the food web is added, the ecosystem will destabilize.
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comparison of the gut microbiota composition between obese and non-obese individuals in a japanese population, as analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and next-generation sequencing
Answer:
Probiotics are the good yielding microorganisms in the gut which help in proper assimilation of food. They help in the prevention of obesity.
Explanation:
Obesity has become one of the most serious social problems in developed countries in Japan. The gut microbiota was long thought to contribute to obesity, the exact association remains largely unknown.
Gut microbes are key to many aspects of human health including immune, metabolic and neurobehavioral traits. Different levels of evidence support the role of gut microbiota in human health, from animal models and human studies.
Obese and non-obese subjects had different gut microbiota compositions and that certain bacterial species were significantly associated with each group (obese: Blautia hydrogenotorophica, Coprococcus catus; non-obese: Bacteroides faecichinchillae, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron)
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what are some ways that reabsorption by diffusion and active transport could be limited in the kidneys?
Some ways that affect the reabsorption by diffusion and active transport in the kidney are amount of water in the blood, amount of ions like sodium, potassium and chloride.
The kidney needs to receive and appropriately filter blood in order to operate properly. Passive diffusion, active transport, and cotransport are all types of absorption. Most water is reabsorbed by the cotransport of salt and glucose.
The reabsorptive mechanisms in the proximal tubule depend on active transport. By means of sodium-coupled secondary active transport, glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed across the apical membrane of the proximal tubule.
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Introductory microbiology laboratories are usually designated as which biosafety level?.
The correct answer is level BSL-1 or BSL-2.
Infectious agents or toxins that are not known to reliably cause disease in healthy humans are studied in BSL-1 labs.
In order to safeguard personnel, the environment, and the general public in a laboratory setting, protective measures are identified using biosafety levels (BSL).Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1)
Infectious agents or toxins that are not known to reliably cause disease in healthy humans are studied in BSL-1 labs. They don't need any specialized tools or architectural characteristics and adhere to standard microbiological practices, which are fundamental safety standards. Surfaces that are simple to clean and resistant to the common chemicals used in the lab are examples of standard engineering controls in BSL-1 facilities.Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)
Infectious agents or toxins with a moderate level of risk that could be dangerous if accidentally inhaled, eaten, or exposed to the skin are studied in BSL-2 facilities. Design specifications for BSL-2 laboratories must have automated closing and locked doors, eye washing stations in case of mishaps, and hand washing sinks. BSL-2 laboratories must also have access to decontamination tools, such as an autoclave, an incinerator, or another technique, depending on the results of the biological risk assessment.Hence, correct answer is BSL-1 or BSL-2.
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assessing sequence plasticity of a virus-like nanoparticle by evolution toward a versatile scaffold for vaccines and drug delivery
Assessing sequence plasticity of a virus-like nanoparticle by evolution toward a versatile scaffold shows structural and functional relationships of viral capsid proteins and describes the mechanistic routes toward viral therapeutics. The statement is correct.
What is nanoparticle ?A nanoparticle is a small particle can not visible through eyes and it ranges between 1 to 100 nanometers in size, have shown different physical and chemical properties.
This nanoparticle can change their size at the atomic scale as it increase in surface area to volume ratio which results in the atomic surface to regulate the material performance.
Hence the large surface area help nanoparticles to possess optical, physical and chemical properties and they are small in size which confine their electrons and produce quantum effects.
Nanomaterials can be available naturally and can be produced as the by-products in the process of combustion.
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dendrites are question 13 options: a) the layer of fat cells that encase and insulate the neuron. b) the part of the neuron that is responsible for sending information away from the cell body toward other cells. c) treelike fibers which receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body. d) located inside the cell body.
Dendrites are (b) the part of the neuron that is responsible for sending information away from the cell body toward other cells.
Dendrites are the fine finger-like projections of the neurons. They arise from the cell body appearing like the branches of a tree. The function of these dendrites is to establish connections with other neurons and communicate with them.
Neuron is the nerve cell. The function of nerve cell is to send and receive the signals from and to the brain respectively. The nerve cell is the longest cell in the body. It structure comprises of a cell body with dendrites emerging from it. From one end of the cell body arises the long axon that has an axonal terminal at the end.
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g-proteins consist of 3 protein subunits. which of the three subunits is not tethered into the the plasma membrane.
Among the 3 protein subunits of G-proteins, the β-subunit is note tethered to the plasma membrane.
G-proteins belong to the family of proteins, that acts as molecule switch. They are turned on when bound to GTP and turned off when bound to GDP. The three subunit of G-protein are α, β and γ. The protein can be monomeric or trimeric.
Plasma membrane is the outer layer of the cell. It is bilayer structure composed of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol. The lipid constitutes of the polar hydrophilic head and the non-polar hydrophobic tail. The function of plasma membrane is to protect the cell from outer environment and also regulate the traffic of substances that come and go from the cell.
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the human body is best described as always being in a state of equilibrium such that all body compartments are identical.
False. The human body is best described as always being in a state of equilibrium such that all body compartments are identical.
What about state of equilibrium?
The condition of a body or physical system when it is at rest or moving continuously and predictably. An equilibrium-state system exhibits no propensity to change over time. A system has no net forces and no net torque if it is in static equilibrium. During a reversible chemical process, chemical equilibrium is the state in which there is no net change in the quantity of reactants or products.
When a chemical reaction is reversible, the products react with the original reactants as soon as they are created. Examples of equilibrium include a book that is at rest on a table. a vehicle that is going steadily. A chemical process where both the forward and backward rates of reaction are equal.
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False. The best approach to characterize the human body is as being constantly in an equilibrium condition when all body compartments are identical.
body's or bodily gadget's state when it's far at relaxation or transferring step by step and reliably.
A device in equilibrium indicates no tendency to exchange over time. If a gadget is in static equilibrium, there are no internet forces and no net torque.
Chemical equilibrium is the circumstance wherein there is no internet trade within the wide variety of reactants or products at some point of a reversible chemical response.
the moment the products are produced in a reversible chemical response, they begin to interact with the initial reactants.
An open e-book resting on a desk serves as an example of equilibrium. a moving item that is transferring progressively a chemical response wherein the costs of the forward and backward reactions are equal.
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why is the δg of atp hydrolysis in the cell about twice as great as the δg of atp hydrolysis in a test tube under standard conditions?
The δg of ATP hydrolysis in the cell about twice as great as the δg of ATP hydrolysis in a test tube under standard conditions because in the cell the reaction is catalyzed by enzymes whereas in the test tube the reaction occurs on its own (spontaneously).
ATP hydrolysis is the reaction in which the breakdown of ATP occurs. This breakdown releases energy which is then used by the various processes of the body. This energy is due to the high energy phospho-anhydride bonds in the ATP.
Enzymes are the biological catalysts that fasten up the rate of reaction. This increase in the rate of reaction is fur to the reduction in the activation energy of the chemical reaction.
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if a homozygous tall plant (aa) is crossed with a homozygous small plant (aa), knowing that tall plants are dominant over small plants. what are the resulting genotypes and phenotypes for the f1 and the f2?
25% of the heterozygous pass are short, and the offspring of a homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive pea plant will continually show the dominant trait (phenotype), because they are heterozygous.
In this explanation, I'm assuming that the allele "T" for tall vegetation is dominant to the allele "t" for short plants, like in Gregor Mendel's pea plant experiment.
A homozygous tall pea plant will have the genotype "TT" and a homozygous quick plant will have the genotype "tt" because homozygous capacity that both alleles are identical. Since "T" is dominant over "t", any plant with at least one "T" allele will be tall (the dominant trait), regardless of what the other allele is.
Each of the offspring has one "T" allele, so they are all tall plants. This is because the "T" allele is dominant over the "t" allele, so a plant with one "t" allele and one "T" allele will solely display the features of the "T" allele, which in this case is a tall pea plant.
The "TT" and "Tt" crosses each have at least one "T" allele, so they are tall plants. However, the closing pass "tt" would not have any "T" alleles and is short, because it is homozygous recessive . Since 1 out of four pea vegetation are short, or 1/4, the chance of a quick pea plant from a heterozygous pass is 25%.
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What structural property of dna gave watson and crick the idea that dna replication was likely to proceed via a semiconservative mechanism?.
The complementary nature of base pairing between the two strands of DNA is the structural property of DNA that gave Watson and Crick the idea that DNA replication was likely to proceed via a semiconservative mechanism.
In the field of genetics, we can describe DNA as a structure made of two polynucleotide chains that is responsible for carrying genetic information.
The DNA is made from deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and four nucleotide bases. It is due to the complementary nature of these nucleotide bases that Watson and Crick proposed a semi-conservative model for DNA replication.
As each base present in one strand pairs with the complementary base present on the other strand, hence each strand of the DNA has the capability to become a template strand during DNA replication.
A new strand of DNA is synthesized from each template strand during DNA replication. Hence, two new strands are generated. This is the semiconservative DNA replication.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
What structural property of DNA gave Watson and Crick the idea that DNA replication was likely to proceed via a semiconservative mechanism?
A) The nitrogen content in the bases
B) The complementary nature of base pairing between the two strands
C) The repeating nature of the sugar-phosphate backbone
D) The helical shape of the double strand
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This particle is found in the electron cloud which is a negatively charged region of an atom.
quiero saber a qué pertenece a protons a electrons o a neutrons?
The area of negative charge encircling an atomic nucleus and connected to an atomic orbital is known as an electron cloud. It has a mathematical definition that describes a region with a high probability of having electrons in it.
Protons and neutrons make up the atom's core nucleus. An electron has the best chances of being found in the "fog of probability" that surrounds it. The probability of finding an electron increases with area density. The electron cloud is the name given to this thick fog of probability. Simple atoms like hydrogen serve as excellent visual examples of electron clouds. One proton makes up the nucleus of a hydrogen atom, and one electron orbits it. The electron does not, however, actually follow a circular orbit around it.
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fertilization is the defining feature of
the stages of mitosis,
Sexual Reproduction,
metaphase i and ii,
telophase i and ii
Answer:sexual reproduction
Explanation:
Answer:
b. sexual reproduction
and the next one is
a and d
Explanation:
You are searching for a mutant cell that is defective in protein glycosylation. You would most likely find such a mutant by looking for cells with defective ___________.
You are searching for a mutant cell that is defective in protein glycosylation. You would most likely find such a mutant by looking for cells with defective Golgi apparatus.
The Golgi apparatus can be described as a stacked membrane that plays an important role in the modification of proteins inside a eukaryotic cell. A protein after translation needs to be packaged and processed in order for it to move out of a cell. The Golgi apparatus is the site where protein modification and packaging occur.
One of the most important modifications after the translation of proteins that occurs in the Golgi complex is the glycosylation of proteins. If a cell has a mutation due to which protein glycosylation is being affected, then this means that there is a problem with the functioning of the Golgi apparatus due to this mutation. In such a circumstance, a mutant cell with a defective Golgi apparatus needs to be found.
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deforestation takes place when . a erosion takes placeerosion takes place b forests are not replantedforests are not replanted c trees are cut down
deforestation takes place when . a erosion takes place b forests are not replanted c trees are cut down
C. trees are cut down
deforestation is the purposeful cutting down of the trees on a large scale area to utilize the land for agriculture, grazing, setting industries and building infrastructure.
In earlier times it was done to do slash and burn agriculture.
In mordern times, reasons for the deforestation include clearing forest for agricultural expansion, wood extraction and infrastructure development and urbanization.
Deforestation has very bad effects on our environment like climate change, soil erosion, land desertification, increased carbon emission, extreme weather condition, etc.
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make the connection: your heart is dependent on oxygen from your respiratory system, and it is delivered by the(1 point)
Oxygen from the respiratory system is delivered by the circulatory system.
What is the relationship between respiratory and circulatory system?The respiratory system is responsible for delivering oxygen to the circulatory system that is made up of blood vessels which carry blood to the heart and then all cells of our body. Arteries carry blood that is loaded with oxygen from the heart to all cells whereas veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and then to the lungs for disposing carbondioxide. The circulatory system carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells, and removes waste products such as carbon dioxide.
So we can conclude that Oxygen from the respiratory system is delivered by the circulatory system.
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Differentiate Monocots and Dicots
Answer: Monocot and Dicot
Explanation:
Monocots are seeds which have only one cotyledons. Plants having monocot seeds have parallel venation leaves (like lines running down the leaf). These seeds cannot be broken open. Dicot are seeds that have 2 cotyledons. Plants having dicot seeds have reticulate venation leaves (like veins). These seeds may be opened in two halves.
I need help asap please!
Answer:
11.cell is a basic structural and functional unit of life and they are basic building blocks
12.Stems. Stems support buds and leaves and carry water, minerals and food
13.herbaceous stems and woody stems.
14.Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.
15.The plant life cycle consists of four stages; seed, sprout, small plant, and adult plant.
16.annual
17.biennial
18.Perennials
hope it helps o==[]::::::::::::::::>
cholesterol is an organic steroid in mammalian cells that controls membrane permeability and fluidity. how many carbons are in cholesterol
The cholesterol contains 46 hydrogen atoms in total.
Cholesterol's chemical formula is C27H46O, which means that in addition to hydrogen, it also contains 27 carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.
The liver, spinal cord, and brain all contain significant amounts of cholesterol, which keeps cell membranes stable.
What causes high in cholesterol?It is primarily brought on by consuming fatty foods, failing to exercise regularly, being overweight, smoking, and using alcohol. Moreover, it can run in families. By consuming a healthy diet and increasing your physical activity, you can lower your cholesterol. Some folks also require medication.What is the average level of cholesterol?The ranges for adults' total cholesterol are as follows: Less than 200 mg/dL is normal. High-risk levels: 200 to 239 mg/dL. High: 240 mg/dL or higher.Cholesterol-rich, nutritive foods like eggs, cheese, shellfish, pastured beef, organ meats, sardines, and full-fat yogurt are good additions to your diet.learn more about Cholesterol here
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Explain what happens after a slip tectonic plate interaction?
Consider: How does this movement affect the lithosphere and does it add/remove
anything from the Earth?