The network of organs and tissues that aids in breathing is known as the respiratory system. It consists of your blood vessels, lungs, and airways. The respiratory system also includes the muscles that propel your lungs. Together, these components help the body circulate oxygen and eliminate waste gases like carbon dioxide.
What is Respiratory System ?In both animals and plants, the respiratory system is a biological system made up of particular organs and structures that are employed for gas exchange. Depending on the size of the organism, its habitat of residence, and its evolutionary background, the anatomy and physiology that cause this vary widely.
The network of organs and tissues that aids in breathing is known as the respiratory system. It consists of your blood vessels, lungs, and airways. The respiratory system also includes the muscles that propel your lungs. Together, these components help the body circulate oxygen and eliminate waste gases like carbon dioxide.
What is Respiratory zone ?The respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli are all parts of the respiratory zone, which corresponds to the lung parenchyma. The conducting tract (airways) and the respiratory zone are the two functional and structural divisions of the lower respiratory system, which is a hierarchical system.
Air enters and exits the lungs through the conducting zone, which extends from the nose to the tiniest bronchioles. The respiratory bronchioles and alveoli are part of the respiratory zone, which also regulates the flow of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the circulation.
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when a hospitalized child develops a rash that covers the trunk and extremities, the nurse notes in the history
Place the child in a private room on strict isolation is the nurse's most appropriate intervention for a hospitalized child that develops exanthema (rash) that covers the trunk and the extremities which was exposed to varicella 2 weeks ago.
Varicella (chickenpox) is a contagious illness with a rapid onset. It is brought on by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a DNA virus that belongs to the herpesvirus family.
After the first infection, VZV remains dormant in the body (in the sensory nerve ganglia). Varicella is a primary infection with the VZV. Herpes zoster is brought on by the latent infection reactivating (shingles).
Exanthema in a child must be diagnosed and then the youngster must be kept in complete isolation. The extremities only get a scant rash from varicella, but the trunk develops a copious rash. There is a 14 to 21-day incubation period.
By isolating the kid until a more accurate diagnosis and course of treatment are determined, it is crucial to stop the spread of this contagious condition.
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Question correction:
A hospitalized child develops exanthema (rash) that covers the trunk and the extremities. The nurse reviews the child’s health history and notes that the child was exposed to varicella 2 weeks ago. The most appropriate nursing intervention is to?
The term secondary bone cancer describes tumors that have spread to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs. True or false?.
Answer:
It's true.
The term secondary bone cancer describes tumors that have spread to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs.,
the client and the patient are conversing verbally face to face. what communication technique is being demonstrated?
The client and the patient are conversing verbally face to face. Linguistic communication technique is being demonstrated. Linguistic communication entails using norms to help people understand one another even if they do not have the same worldview. The words are given meaning through a convention that develops over time within a certain group.
You will have a better understanding of the four primary methods of Linguistic communication after reading this guide: vocal, nonverbal, written, and the visual. You will be able to use this information to better your own communication as well as ensure that your organization promotes excellent communication skills.
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a nurse is talking with a patient about the plan for her care after discharge from the hospital. he concludes by saying, "we’ve just reviewed a lot of information about what happens when you leave the hospital. did you understand everything ok?" did he effectively use teach back?
No. he did not effectively use teach back.
No, because he didn't ask the patient to repeat back what she understood.
No, because he placed the responsibility of communication on the patient instead of on himself.
Briefing :In this case, the following may be a good teach-back query: "Just now, we looked over a ton of data. In order for me to know if I was clear, would you mind repeating it to me?" The patient is asked to offer a summary of the details so that the clinician can address any misunderstandings.
The supplier could provide a question like, "How do you want to comprehend the dialogue on a high level?" "Just now, we looked at a ton of data. Upon being discharged from the hospital, what would you say to your son about this discussion?"
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I understand the question you are looking for :
A nurse is talking with a patient about the plan for her care after discharge from the hospital. He concludes by saying, "We've just reviewed a lot of information about what happens when you leave the hospital. Did you understand everything OK?" Did he effectively use Teach Back?
(A) Yes, because he asked the patient to confirm understanding
(B) No, because he didn't ask the patient to repeat back what she understood
(C) No, because he placed the responsibility of communication on the patient instead of on himself
(D) B and C
the nurse is responsible for monitoring cardiovascular function in a postoperative patient. what method can the nurse use to measure cardiovascular function?
Central venous pressure is the method that can the nurse use to measure cardiovascular function for a nurse that is responsible for monitoring cardiovascular function in a postoperative patient.
Preload and right atrial pressure may be inferred from central venous pressure, which measures the pressure in the vena cava. In the critical care unit in particular, central venous pressure is frequently utilized as a measure of hemodynamic state.
Central venous pressure is regulated by a number of organ systems. Total blood volume and the compliance of the central venous compartment are both factors that affect the central venous pressure, which is a direct estimate of the right atrial pressure.
A central venous catheter can be used to assess the central venous pressure after being inserted into the superior vena cava close to the right atrium through the internal jugular vein. The range of 8 to 12 mmHg is considered to be normal for central venous pressure.
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which age-related consideration applies to an older adult patient with a fracture? a. the bones are softer. b. healing takes longer. c. the blood loss is more significant. d. future bone growth is affected.
Senescence of the immune system and a rise in systemic pro-inflammatory state are two ways that aging impacts the inflammatory response during the healing of fractures. Thus, option B is correct.
What is inflammatory response?Many of the physiologic processes involved in fracture healing are altered by aging. Important inflammatory response cells, including macrophages, T cells, and mesenchymal stem cells,
Have shown inherent aging-related alterations that may affect fracture healing. The elderly's ability to heal from fractures is hindered by angiogenesis.
Therefore, If a patient is elderly and has a fracture, recovery takes longer.
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if the patient experiences a drop in respiratory rate as a result of a drug overdose, what will be the effect on the patient's minute volume?
If the patient experiences a drop in respiratory rate as a result of a drug overdose, the effect on the patient's minute volume will be a decrease and is denoted as option D.
What is Respiratory rate?Thus is defined as the rate in which breathing occurs in an organism and is usually measured in breaths per minute.
A drop in respiratory rate will lead to the minute volume decreasing which could cause hypoventilation and hypoxia thereby resulting in different types of complications and death.
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The options are:
A.There will be no change in the minute volume.
B.The minute volume will increase.
C.The minute volume will initially increase, then drop.
D.The minute volume will decrease.
in many respects today, what is the "organizing principle" for global health? a. reduce disability b. reduce morbidity c. universal health coverage d. reduce deaths
In many respects today, universal health coverage may be considered as the "organizing principle" for global health.
What is universal health coverage?The expression universal health coverage makes reference to health insurance that can be used around the world to obtain suitable medical care in different clinical settings.
In conclusion, in many respects today, universal health coverage may be considered as the "organizing principle" for global health.
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a nurse is providing care to a pregnant woman in her first trimester who has come to the clinic for a follow-up visit. during the visit, the nurse teaches the woman about some of the changes that she will be experiencing during her pregnancy. which information would the nurse include when describing changes in the breast?
During the first trimester, the female body likewise goes through significant changes. Numerous symptoms, such as nausea, exhaustion, breast discomfort, and frequent urination, are frequently brought on by these changes. Even though these are typical pregnant symptoms, every woman's experience is unique.
What is First Trimester ?On the first day of your last menstruation, the first trimester begins and lasts until the end of week 12. This implies that you could be five to six weeks along by the time you're positive you're expecting! During these first three months, a lot occurs.
The neural tube will allow the baby's brain and spinal cord to develop. Other organs, including the heart, are also beginning to develop. The development of the structures required for the eyes and ears. There are little buds that will shortly develop into arms.
The most essential period for the growth of your unborn child is the first trimester. Although you may not yet be displaying much on the surface, your baby's primary body organs and systems are developing inside.
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there is strong evidence that shows physical activity can lower the risk of developing the following forms of cancer.
There is indeed presence of strong evidence that shows physical activity can lower the risk of developing the following forms of cancer.
How are Exercises and cancer related?Exercise during leisure time has been related to a much lower risk of not just these three cancers but also esophageal, liver, stomach, kidney, and myeloid leukemia, according to a new study that was published on May 16 in JAMA Internal Medicine.
This is crucial since earlier investigations on the connection between physical activity and cancer risk produced contradictory findings for the majority of cancer types.
The only exceptions were endometrial, breast, and colon cancers.
Exercise was also highly associated with a lower incidence of blood malignancies, multiple myeloma, lung, head and neck, rectum, bladder, and other cancers (in current and former smokers).
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a 50-year-old man presents with a 4-day history of increasing exertional dyspnea. he has had a chronic cough for the past 3 years and attributes it to cigarette smoking. the cough had been productive of watery sputum, but it has changed to a yellowish color over the past week. he has no known allergies and reports no family history of asthma. on general appearance, he is wheezing. his temperature is 101°f, p 105/min, bp 136/86 mm hg, and rr 30/min.
Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis are the pathogens most commonly associated with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.
A productive cough that lasts at least three months and recurs for at least two years in a row qualifies as chronic bronchitis. There may be times when the cough or other symptoms of chronic bronchitis get worse.
The lining of your bronchial tubes, which transport air to and from your lungs, become inflamed when you have bronchitis. Bronchitis patients frequently cough up thicker mucus that may be colored. Chronic or acute bronchitis are both possible.
Acute bronchitis is a relatively common condition that frequently results from a cold or other respiratory illness. A persistent irritation or inflammation of the bronchial tube lining characterizes chronic bronchitis, a more dangerous illness that is frequently brought on by smoking.
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Question correction:
A 50-year-old man presents with increasing exertional dyspnea for the past 4 days. He has had a chronic cough for the past 3 years and attributes it to cigarette smoking. The cough had been productive of watery sputum, but it has changed to a yellowish color over the past week. He has no known allergies and reports no family history of asthma; on examination, he is wheezing. His temperature is 101F, PR- 105/min, BP- 136/86mmHg, and RR-30/min. Respiratory system examination reveals decreased chest wall excursion. Auscultation reveals a prolonged expiratory phase with crepitations and generalized rhonchi. Chest X-ray (CXR) reveals irregular bronchovascular markings. Laboratory results reveal Hb 15 g/dl, WBC 12000/uL, platelets 300x10 9/l.
What are the pathogens most commonly associated with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis?
the nurse assesses a swollen ecchymosed area to the right of an episiotomy on a primiparous client 6 hours after a vaginal birth. what should the nurse should do next:?
The nurse should apply an ice pack to the perineal area.
What is nursing assessment?
A nursing assessment can be described as a process of gathering relevant patient information by a registered nurse.
During nursing assessment, the nurse discovered a swollen ecchymosed area to the right of an episiotomy on a primiparous client 6 hours after a vaginal birth, the nurse should apply an ice pack to the perineal area.
In conclusion, nursing assessment helps a nurse to deliver quality healthcare to the client.
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a school-aged child who has just arrived from africa has been exposed to diphtheria, and a nurse in the pediatric clinic is to administer the antitoxin. which type of immunity does the antitoxin confer?
Answer:
Passive artificial
Explanation:
In passive artificial immunity the antibody is produced in another organism and then injected into the presumed infected person to provide immediate immunity against the invading organism.
Which of the following is not a function of the subcutaneous layer of skin ?
which of the following is NOT A FUNCTION of the subcutaneous layer? lubricates body surfaces.
you enter your patient’s room and find them lying supine in bed seemingly unresponsive. after assessing breathing and pulse for no more than 10 seconds and determining the patient is in cardiac arrest, when should you start cpr?
You enter your patient's room and find him lying on his back on the bed, apparently unresponsive. after assessing breathing and pulse for no more than 10 seconds and determining that the patient is in cardiac arrest, you should begin CPR immediately.
How is cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed?Standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation can be performed in two ways, either by a single person, who performs rescue breaths and chest compressions alternately, or by two people, one performing rescue breaths and the other responsible for chest compressions.
With this information, we can conclude that Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) consists of a series of maneuvers performed by health professionals or laypersons to reverse cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) and maintain adequate tissue oxygenation and perfusion.
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while caring for a patient with cirrhosis, the nurse knows that abnormalities in which phase of pharmacokinetics may occur?
Metabolism is the abnormality in the phase of pharmacokinetics that may occur while caring for a patient with cirrhosis.
The study of medication changes brought on by the body's physiological and metabolic processes is known as pharmacokinetics. In pharmacokinetics, there are four stages: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
The hepatocytes are where the medication is broken down. Phase I and phase II drug metabolism occurs in the liver for the medicines. The drug's therapeutic benefits are lost during phase I metabolism as a result of oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis.
The medication is ready to be excreted through bile or urine during phase II metabolism. Phase II of metabolism is when conjugation reactions happen. Since the liver is where medications are metabolized, a patient with liver cirrhosis will have a negative impact on drug metabolism.
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If a provider got paid for referring patients to a particular specialist, this would violate:
If a provider gets paid for referring patients to a particular specialist, then it would violate Stark Law, which is also called Self-referral law.
The Physician Self-Referral Law, also referred to as the Stark law, prohibits physicians from referring patients to businesses with which they or a member of their close family has a financial relationship in order to obtain "designated health services" paid for by Medicare or Medicaid unless an exception is made.
Paying a doctor or medical facility only for referring a patient is considered fee splitting and is unethical. Physicians are prohibited from accepting any form of compensation for suggesting a patient, save payments made from the revenue of healthcare organizations as permitted by law.
Referring a client to a facility in which a healthcare provider (or a member of their family) has a financial stake is a type of healthcare fraud and abuse.
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budd j, cusi k. nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: what does the primary care physician need to know?. am j med. 2020;133(5):536-543. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.01.007
The most prevalent chronic liver disease in the US is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which will soon overtake liver cancer as the main reason for liver transplantation.
Briefing:This necessitates that general therapeutic level essential aspects of NAFLD diagnosis and therapy, as well as when to refer a patient to a specialist. Sadly, there is still a lot of medical inertia since professionals are still ignorant of the high morbidity and death. To stop liver disease from progressing to end-stage, it is essential to have an early diagnosis in the primary care environment.
Types of Liver Disease:There are numerous liver conditions, including those brought on by medicines, toxins, or excessive alcohol consumption viruses can cause illnesses such hepatitis A, B, and C. Cirrhosis and fatty liver disease are two examples.
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a client who is scheduled for coronary angioplasty is concerned about whether the surgery is safe and wonders whether it would be beneficial. which nursing diagnosis relates to this client's condition?
The nursing diagnosis which relates to this client's condition of concern after being scheduled for coronary angioplasty include the following below:
Ineffective coping related to anxiety and fear of surgery.Knowledge Deficit.What is Coronary angioplasty?This is referred to a medical procedure which involves widening of the narrowed or blocked coronary arteries in the body so as to ensure efficient pumping of the blood by the heart to other parts of the body.
The nursing diagnosis which relates to this client's condition is related to fear in which he is scared that he may die when the surgery is done which shows he is unable to cope with anxiety which comes with it.
Lack of knowledge about the treatment plans is also the reason why the individual may be scared about the surgery as the effect on the body isn't known yet and the nurse can provide detailed information about it to prevent this situation.
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impact of injection protocol selection by retina specialists on clinical outcomes in patients with diabetic macular edema
For the treatment of diabetic macular edema, intravitreal anti-VEGF injections are employed. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) in 170 eyes treated by 4 retina specialists using a pro re nata (PRN) strategy taken into consideration when determining the influence of the injection protocol.
It was discovered that BCVA and CMT during the initial visit were substantially correlated with improved BCVA and CMT over the course of treatment .
Explanation:
Anti-VEGF drugs prevent the growth of new blood vessels. Additionally, they halt aberrant blood vessel leaking that can saturate the macula.
Since these medications are injected right into your eye, you could feel a little pressure there. How many shots you will require will be decided by your doctor.
Most persons with centrally involved diabetic macular edema who experience visual loss should consider anti-VEGF injections as their first choice of treatment, according to the American Diabetes Association.
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an adequate intake (ai) has been set for total water intake, which includes water from foods and beverages. while the water derived from foods is important, it is more relevant to remember how much fluid to drink each day. on average, fluids (i.e., beverages only) account for about 80% of total water intake. based on the ai for total water, how much fluid should women drink each day?
A women should drink 2.7 liters of water every day which is nearly 11.5 cups.
What is adequate intake (AI)?
when there is insufficient information to compute an average need, a dietary suggestion is utilized. An adequate intake is the typical daily nutrient intake of a healthy population that is thought to be sufficient for the population's needs.
A person's appropriate intake (AI) of water is determined by looking at how much water they typically drink.
Women 11.5 cups or 2.7 liters every day
Men 3.7 liters every day, or 15.5 cups.
Drinking water and the water found in meals are both included in the AI (about 20 percent of AI).
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a client with a spinal cord injury tends to assume the low fowler position excessively. in which area of the body will the nurse most likely discover a pressure ulcer?
a client with a spinal cord injury tends to assume the low fowler position excessively. the nurse most likely discover a pressure ulcer on the sacrum.
What is spinal cord ?Your brain's base is where the spinal cord begins to descend. It's composed of nerve cells and nerve fibers in groups that communicate with the rest of your body from your brain. Spinal cord injuries can be caused by harm to the spinal cord itself or to the vertebrae, ligaments, or disks of the spinal column. The cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), and lumbar (lower back) regions make up the three sections that make up the spinal cord.
Main functions of the spinal cordThe spinal cord's main function is to transmit signals from the brain to the rest of the body, including sensory, motor, and autonomic signals. 1 To enable these functions, electrical signals are sent between myelinated nerves along the spinal cord's pathways.
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The nurse is to administer 1 g of cefazolin (ancef) in normal saline 50 ml over 45 minutes. At what rate should the nurse set the intravenous infusion pump if it runs in milliliters per hour?
The rate at which the nurse set the intravenous infusion pump if it runs in milliliters per hour is 150 ml/ 0.75 hour that is 150ml per 45 mins.
How is the infusion rate determined?The following equation can be used to determine how many hours the IV will need to finish before it runs out:
Volume (mL) Drip Rate (mL/hour) = Time (hours). The IV pump is set to 62 mL/hour and the fluid volume is 1000 mL.
How come the infusion rate effects?Ordered dose=1 gram in 50 ml
Time taken= 45 min so minutes to hour's = 45 hours = 0.75 hour that is divided by 60
so the infusion rate = total volume/time taken
infusion rate = 150 ml/ o.75
= 200ml/hr is the infusion rate to administer the medication.
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A child is seen in the school nurse's office with complaints of pain in his right forearm. In reviewing the child's record the nurse notes that he has a history of being physically abused by the mother. Which should be the initial intervention with this child?
In cases of child abuse, the nurse should be able to recognize the signs of the abuse, determine the cause, provide therapy, and intervene to protect the child from future harm.
When assessing a child, the nurse should suspect child abuse if there are bruises, burns, lacerations, missing teeth, or skeletal damage. The nurse is then required to accurately record her findings in the medical record, including a description of any physical evidence of abuse. She also has a responsibility to notify the authorities in situations where a child has already been abused or is at risk of being abused. Furthermore, the nurse must offer appropriate care and treatment to the child, such as a cold compress or pain medication.
Therefore, when a kid is being abused, a nurse should be able to spot the warning signs, diagnose the problem, offer to counsel and step in to stop the abuse and safeguard the child from further harm.
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Mr. Wingate is a newly enrolled Medicare Part D beneficiary and one of your clients. In addition to drugs on his plan’s formulary he takes several other medications. These include a prescription drug not on his plan’s formulary, over-the-counter medications for colds and allergies, vitamins, and drugs from an Internet-based Canadian pharmacy to promote hair growth and reduce joint swelling. His neighbor recently told him about a concept called TrOOP and he asks you if any of his other medications could count toward TrOOP should he ever reach the Part D catastrophic limit. What should you say?
The thing that I will say is that none of the costs of the other medications would currently count toward TrOOP but he can ask his plan for an exception in order to cover the prescription not on its formulary. This is related to Medicare.
What is Medicare?It should be noted that Medicare is a government health insurance program in the United States that subsidizes healthcare services.
One of the clients and a recently registered Medicare Part D beneficiary is Mr. Wingate and also uses a number of additional medications not listed on the formulary of his insurance plan that include include a prescription pill that isn't covered by his plan's formulary, over-the-counter meds for colds and allergies, vitamins, and medications.
It should be noted that he'll have to ask his plan in order to get the requirements.
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a nurse is caring for a client who is postoperative following an appendectomy and is prescribed d5 lactated ringer's at 150 ml/hr by continuous iv infusion for 12 hr. the drop factor of the manual iv tubing is 20 gtt/ml. the nurse should set the manual iv infusion to deliver how many gtt/min? (round the answer to the nearest whole number. use a leading zero if it applies. do not use a trailing zero.)
The nurse should set the manual IV infusion to deliver 50 gtt per minute.
What is IV infusion?
A medical procedure known as intravenous therapy, or IV therapy involves injecting fluids, drugs, and nutrients straight into a patient's vein. For persons who cannot or do not want to eat food or water orally for other reasons, such as diminished mental capacity, the intravenous route of administration is frequently utilized to rehydrate them or to feed them with nutrients. To rectify electrolyte imbalances, it can also be used as provider of drugs or other types of medical therapy, like blood products or electrolytes.
As mentioned in the question, the client is prescribed D5 lactated ringer's at 150 ml per hour by continuous IV infusion for 12 hours.
The drop factor of the manual IV tubing is given 20 gtt / ml.
therefore, the nurse should set the manual IV infusion to deliver 50 gtt per minute.
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We can make a simple model of the human vocal tract as an open-closed tube extending from the opening of the mouth to the diaphragm. True or false?.
Explanation:
True, we can make the opening of the mouth to the diaphragm.
a nurse is caring for a client receiving chemotherapy. which nursing action is most appropriate for handling chemotherapeutic agents?
Wear protective clothing and disposable gloves.
To avoid skin contact with chemotherapeutic drugs, a nurse must wear disposable gloves and protective attire. Needles shouldn't be recapped or broken by the nurse. When priming I.V. tubing, joining and disengaging tubing, placing syringes into vials, shattering glass ampules, or performing other procedures involving the handling of chemotherapeutic drugs, the nurse should utilize a sterile gauze pad. Needles, syringes, IV tubes, and other equipment that has been contaminated must be thrown away in a leak- and puncture-proof container.
Which medicine is used as chemotherapy?Corticosteroids Steroids, often known as corticosteroids, are natural hormones and hormone-like substances that are effective in treating a variety of cancers as well as other conditions. These medications are referred to as chemotherapy drugs when they are used to treat cancer
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the charge nurse is developing patient care assignments for the evening shift and needs to assign clients to a licensed practical nurse/licensed vocational nurse (lpn/lvn) and a certified nursing assistant (cna). which clients should the nurse assign to the lpn/lvn based on skill level and scope of practice? (select all that apply.)
A customer who necessitates routine suctioning,
A client who needs their foot's dressing changed
A client who needs to be reminded about the diabetes diet.
these clients should be assigned by the nurse.
Licensed vocational nurseTasks for stable patients with predictable outcomes, like suctioning, reinforcing patient education provided by an RN, completing sterile and nonsterile dressing changes, and delivering Non parenteral drugs, are appropriate assignments for an LPN/LVN.
The RN must carefully assess the methods for successful delegation to unlicensed individuals because nursing assistants are considered unlicensed assistive personnel.
Delegating to the CNA is appropriate for tasks like conducting range-of-motion exercises and gathering a urine sample because they don't require assessment, interpretation, or decision-making.
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spruit ma, thomeer mj, gosselink r, et al. skeletal muscle weakness in patients with sarcoidosis and its relationship with exercise intolerance and reduced health status. thorax 2005; 60:32.
Background: Skeletal muscle weakness is assumed to be present in patients with sarcoidosis but has never been reported in a consecutive group of patients. Moreover, its relationship with previously observed exercise intolerance and reduced health status has never been studied in these patients.
Methods: Pulmonary function, skeletal and respiratory muscle forces, peak and functional exercise capacity, health status, and the circulating levels of inflammatory and anabolic markers were determined in 25 patients with sarcoidosis who complained of fatigue (15 men) and in 21 healthy subjects (13 men).
Results: Patients with sarcoidosis had lower respiratory and skeletal muscle forces, reduced exercise capacity and health status, higher anxiety and depression scores, and higher circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha than healthy subjects (all p< or =0.01). Its soluble receptor p75 tended to be higher (p=0.04). Circulating levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, insulin-like growth factor I, and its binding protein 3 were not significantly different between the two groups. Skeletal muscle weakness was related to exercise intolerance, depression, and reduced health status in patients with sarcoidosis, irrespective of age, sex, body weight, and height (p< or =0.05). Quadriceps peak torque was inversely related to fatigue but not to the circulating levels of inflammatory or anabolic markers. The mean daily dose of corticosteroids received in the 6 months before testing was related to quadriceps peak torque only in patients who received oral corticosteroids.
Conclusion: Skeletal muscle weakness occurs in patients with sarcoidosis who complain of fatigue and is associated with reduced health status and exercise intolerance.
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