Answer:
Radiation
Explanation:
The form of heat that does not require matter or particles to happen is known as radiation.
Radiation is a form of heat that is carried by electromagnetic spectrum. It does not depend on particles of the medium. Convection and conduction depends on the particles in the medium for heat transfer. Conduction and convection cannot occur in a vacuum. Radiation can transfer heat in a vacuum.a toaster uses a nichrome heating coil and operates at 120 v. when the toaster is turned on at 20oc, the current in the cold coil is 1.5 a. when the coil warms up, the current has a value of 1.3 a. if the thermal coefficient of resistivity for nichrome is 4.5 x 10-4 1/co, what is the temperature of the coil?
If the thermal coefficient of resistivity for nichrome is 4.5 x 10-4 1/co, the temperature of the coil of the coil is 0.56 a.
What is resistivity?Resistivity is a central property of a material, and it shows how unequivocally the material opposes or transmits electric flow. A low resistivity is an obvious sign of a material which promptly permits electric flow. The resistivity increments implies that the conductivity of the material abatements. For metals or transmitters, it is said that they have a positive temperature co effective. The worth α is positive. Electrical resistivity is a property interesting to each material, which is fundamental to comprehend prior to making and planning electrical and electronic frameworks.
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A long solenoid that has 1000 turns uniformly distributed over a length of 0.400 m produces a magnetic field of magnitude 1.00 ×10⁻⁴T at its center. What current is required in the windings for that to occur?
0.03185A current is required in the windings for that to occur.
Solenoids are essentially coils of cord. These generate a magnetic subject which strives a pressure over a steel element.A solenoid is a fundamental time period for a coil of cord that we use as an electromagnet. We additionally consult with the tool which could convert electric power into mechanical power as a solenoid.Actually it generates a magnetic subject for developing linear movement from the electrical cutting-edge. With using a magnetic subject.Magnetic field at the centre of a solenoid of length 'L' having 'N' number of turns with a current 'I' is given by [tex]B=\frac{u_0NI}{L}[/tex] ...(1)It is given that 1000 turns uniformly distributed over a length of 0.400 m produces a magnetic field of magnitude 1.00 ×10⁻⁴T .
Putting above values in equation (1) , we get
[tex]1.00\times10^{-4}=\frac{4\pi \times10^{-7}\times1000I}{0.400} \\\\I=\frac{1.00\times10^{-4} \times0.400}{4\pi \times1000} \\\\I=0.03185A[/tex]
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A particle with electric charge q moves along a straight line in a uniform electric field →
E with speed u . The electric force exerted on the charge is qE . The velocity of the particle and the electric field are both in the x direction.(a) Show that the acceleration of the particle in the x direction is given bya = du/dt = qE/m (1 - u²/c²)³/²
A physical field called an electric field surrounds electrically charged particles and attracts or repels all other charged particles nearby. The physical field of a system of charged particles can also be referred to as the electric field.
In a uniform electric field E, a particle with electric charge q moves in a straight line. The speed of the particle is u.
The electric force exerted in the charge is qE.
The electric field and the velocity of the particle are both in the x direction.
Now, the momentum of the particle at any speed is given as:
p = γ mu = mu / √[ 1 - (u/c)²]
By Newton's law,
F =qE
F = dp/dt
qE = (d/dt) [ mu [ 1 - (u/c)²]^(-1/2)
qE = m [ 1 - (u²/c²)]^{-1/2} du/dt + (1/2) mu[1 - (u²/c²)]⁻³/² (2u/c²) du/dt
Therefore,
qE/m = (du/dt) [( 1 - (u²/c²) + (u²/c²) ) / ( 1 - (u²/c²)⁻³/²
Now,
a = (du/dt) = (qE/m) (( 1 - (u²/c²) )⁻³/²
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The charge imbalance that results from this movement of charge will generate an additional electric field in the region within the rod. In what direction will this field point?.
It will point to the left and oppose the initially applied field the correct option is B.
What is an electric field?The term "electric field" refers to the physical field that surrounds electrically charged particles and pulls or attracts all other charged particles nearby. Additionally, it describes the physical environment of a system of charged particles.
Let the electric field point to the right and the charge be positive. A positive charge will build to the right and the overly positive charge will be present there when the charge moves to the right in the field. In opposition to the external electric field, this new charge distribution will produce a field to the left.
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for the same charge q, the electric field strength measured at point x is the electric field measured at point y. the distance of point x from the charge is how many times the distance of point y from the charge?
Due to a single charge and the additional distance =2r, the electric field is E r times the distance of point y from the charge
New intensity is consequently equal to E/4.
Where is electric field?From the point charge, the electric field extends in all directions. Spherical equipotential surfaces are represented by the circles. The vector sum of the individual fields may be used to compute the electric field from any number of point charges.
Volts per metre (V/m) is the electrical field's SI unit. The Newtons per coulomb are the same as this unit. These units have their roots in Newton, which stands for force, and Coulomb, which stands for charge.
Being a vector quantity, the electric. We understand that the electric field is defined by the force to test charge ratio.
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how was mount Everest made? Please i am handing out 100 points
Answer:
Mount Everest formed from a tectonic smashup between the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates tens of millions of years ago.
Explanation:
a pot of stew is placed on a stove to heat. the temperature of the liquid reaches 170°f, and then the pot is taken off the burner and placed on a kitchen counter. the temperature of the air in the kitchen is 76°f. if k
If k = 0.34, the temperature of the liquid after 7 hours will be T(t) = 84.7°F.
We can solve the above problem using Newton's Law of Cooling.
According to this Law, the rate at which a hot body loses heat is directly proportional to the difference between the temperature of the hot body and that of its surroundings.
T(t) = [tex]T_{s}[/tex] + ([tex]T_{0}[/tex] - [tex]T_{s}[/tex])[tex]e^{-kt}[/tex]
where,
t= time
T(t) = temperature of the given body at time t
[tex]T_{s}[/tex] = surrounding temperature
[tex]T_{o}[/tex] = initial temperature of the body
k = constant
Substituting the values we get,
T(t) = 76 + (170-76)[tex]e^{(-0.34)(7)}[/tex]
T(t) = 84.7°F
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A conductor carrying a current I = 15.0 A is directed along the positive x axis and perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field. A magnetic force per unit length of 0.120 N/m acts on the conductor in the negative y direction. Deter- mine (a) the magnitude
The magnitude of the magnetic field in the region through the current passes is 8×10⁻³ T.
What is a magnetic field?The magnetic field is defined as the field the magnetic materials generate or when an electric charge moves in a field region that generates the magnetic field.
As we know:
F = ilB
F is the magnetic force
i is the current
l is the length
B is the magnitude of the magnetic field
Here F/l = 0.120 N/m
i = 15 A
B = (F/l)(1\i)
B = (0.120)(1/15)
B = 0.120/15
B = 8×10⁻³ T
Thus, the magnitude of the magnetic field in the region through the current passes is 8×10⁻³ T.
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An ion rocket engine produces 1 newton of thrust. What acceleration can it give to a space probe with a mass of 1000kg?.
The ion rocket engine give an acceleration to the space probe of: 0.001 m/s²
To solve this exercise, the formula and procedure to be applied is:
F = m * a
Where:
m = massF = Forcea = accelerationInformation about the problem:
F= 1 N1 N = kg * m/s²m = 1000kga= ?Applying the force formula and isolating the acceleration, we get:
F = m * a
a = F/m
a = 1 N /1000kg
a = 1 kg * m/s² / 1000kg
a = 0.001 m/s²
What is force?It is the physical magnitude that expresses the effort necessary to move the mass of one kilogram with an acceleration of one meter per second squared, this is expressed in units of the international system in Newton.
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a holistic overview of underground hydrogen storage: influencing factors, current understanding, and outlook raza
a holistic overview of underground hydrogen storage is all three.
What is the best way to store hydrogen?Physically, hydrogen can be kept as either a gas or a liquid. Usually, high-pressure tanks are needed for gas storage (5000–10,000 psi tank pressure). Since hydrogen's boiling point at one atmosphere of pressure is -252.8°C, storage of hydrogen as a liquid necessitates cryogenic temperatures.
Method to store hydrogen :There are different ways and ways of storing hydrogen: 1) high-pressure gas cylinders (up to 800 bar), 2) cryogenic tanks with liquid hydrogen at 21 K, 3) hydrogen adsorbed on materials with a large specific surface area (at T100 K), and 4) absorbed on interstitial sites in a host metal (at ambient pressure).
What is the purpose of hydrogen storage?In applications such as fixed power, portable power, and transportation, hydrogen storage is a crucial enabling technology for the development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.
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which phrase best describes the structure of an atom
A. a solid ball of protons, neutrons, and electrons
B. A nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud
C. A nucleus by electrons in set orbits
D. A core of protons surrounded by an electron cloud
The phrase which best describes the structure of an atom from the answer choices given above is a nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud.
The correct answer choice is option b
This means that an atom consist of a centrally placed nucleus in which electrons revolves around it. The nucleus of any given atom consist of protons and neutrons. Electrons revolve round the nucleus of any atoi
What is an atom?An atom is a smallest particle of an element that takes part in chemical reaction.
Atom is divided into three basic parts:
Protons: They are positively charged subatomic particle forming part of the nucleus of an atom and determining the atomic number of an element, composed of two up quarks and a down quark.Neutrons: This is a subatomic particle forming part of the nucleus of an atom and having no charge; it is a combination of an up quark and two down quarks.Electrons: It is a subatomic particle having a negative charge and orbiting round the nucleus of any given atom of an element; the flow of electrons in a conductor constitutes electricity.So therefore, the phrase which best describes the structure of an atom from the answer choices given above is a nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud.
The correct answer choice is option b
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Question 1 (1 point)
Joe walks 57m north followed by 70m west. What is his magnitude of displacement
from the start?
Answer: All that seems to be needed to be done, is for you to subtract 57m from 70m and that equals: 13m displacement! hope this is helpful! good luck!
The most soaring vocal melody is in Johann Sebastian Bach's Mass in B Minor. In one section, the basses, tenors, altos, and sopranos carry the melody from a low D to a high
A. In concert pitch, these notes are now assigned frequencies of 146.8Hz and 880.0 Hz . Find the wavelengths of(b) the final note. Assume the cho-rus sings the melody with a uniform sound level of 75.0 dB .
The wavelength of the final note is 0.389m
What do you mean by the term wavelength?The distance between two successive crests or troughs of a wave is known as its wavelength. It is measured in the wave's direction. The distance a wave travels between its crests or troughs is known as its wavelength (which may be an electromagnetic wave, a sound wave, or any other wave). The wave's crest is its highest point, while its dip is its lowest. Because a wavelength represents a distance or length, it is expressed in length units like meters, centimeters, millimeters, nanometers, etc. Light's wavelength changes with color, or it differs for each hue. While violet has the shortest wavelength, red has the longest.
wavelength = v/f
wavelength = 343/800 m = 0.389m
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a commercial airliner flew 20,000 km nonstop from seattle to kuala lumpur at an average speed of 900 km/hr. if its average mass was 140,000 kg, what was its average kinetic energy? (we take an average because the mass of the airplane changes as it exhausts burnt fuel.)
2.5 10 9 J of the 1.034 10 10 J total energy is kinetic energy, and 7.84 10 9 J is potential energy.
Is kinetic energy at a constant temperature?The average kinetic energy of the particles in an item is measured by its temperature. These particles move more quickly as the temperature rises. It is not the worst definition, but it is also not the finest.
The average kinetic energy (K) is determined by multiplying the RMS speed (vrms) by the square of the mass (m) of each gas molecule.
Thus, it may be inferred that the temperature is the single factor affecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a thermalized sample of gas.
A substance's temperature is directly related to the average kinetic energy of its particles. Because the particles' mass remains constant, they must travel faster as the planet warms.
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scientific thinking usually starts with what?
Answer:
Ask a question.
Explanation:
Your question is the basis of any theory.
comparison of k-wire versus screw fixation after open reduction of transitional (tillaux and triplane) distal tibia fractures
K-wires or pins are smooth, sharpened, and sterilized pins made of stainless steel. The wires are now frequently utilized in orthopedic surgery as well as other forms of human and animal surgery.
What do you mean by k wire and screw fixation?Sometimes it's necessary to mend a fracture with Kirschner wires (K-wires), which are firm, straight wires (broken bone). K-wires are frequently referred to as "pins." K-wires may be required if your child has a fracture that requires surgery in order to keep the bones in place while they mend.
Surgery is used in open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) to put shattered bone fragments back together. The shattered bone is held together with screws, plates, sutures, or rods. When a shattered bone is in multiple parts, an ORIF is frequently performed as an emergency operation. The goal is to facilitate joint bone healing.
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derive an expression for the total range of a projectile launched at an angle that reaches ground that is the same height at the launch position. give your answer in terms of the angle launched and initial velocity.
H= 2gu 2sin 2 is the expression for the total range of a projectile launched at an angle that reaches ground that is the same height at the launch position.
Let's imagine that a projectile is moving at a velocity of u at an angle of to the horizontal. After time t, the velocity will be v=v x i+v y j+v=ucos i+(usingt) j (because v y = usingt).
The projectile's only horizontal component at maximum height is vx =ucosv y 2u y2 =2ayv y =0(atm ax heightH)u y =usin ay=gH.
To put these values into context,
0=(usin) 2 2gH
H= 2gu 2sin 2
Projectile angular momentum is equal to mu cos h, where h stands for height. In the case of angular projection, the angle between the velocity and acceleration ranges from 0 to 180 degrees.
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I give the crown I offer 20 points please I really need it tonight now!!!!
Answer:
It's all in the Explanation.
Explanation:
You round the number of the IP address and boom. You have your answer.
a jet engine emits sound uniformly in all directions, radiating an acoustic power of 2.11×105 w. find the intensity ???? of the sound at a distance of 50.3 m from the engine and calculate the corresponding sound intensity level ????.
The sound intensity of a jet engine radiating an acoustic power of 2.11×105 w sound at a distance of 50.3 m from the engine is approximately 6.64 [tex]W/m^2[/tex].
The intensity means the amount of loudness in it. The actual definition of intensity is the amount of power a sound has per unit area.
Mathematically, the intensity can be written as:
[tex]I=\frac{Power}{Area}[/tex]
The given data:
Power, P = [tex]2.11\times 10^5 W[/tex]
Area, A = [tex]4\pi d^2=4\pi (50.3)^2 m^2[/tex]
So using the formula, we have:
[tex]I=\frac{2.11\times 10^5}{4\pi (50.3)^2} \approx 6.64 W/m^2[/tex]
Hence, the intensity of a jet engine is approximately 6.64 [tex]W/m^2[/tex].
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Two identical loudspeakers are placed on a wall 2.00 m apart. A listener stands 3.00m from the wall directly in front of one of the speakers. A single oscillator is driving the speakers at a frequency of 300 Hz.(b) What If? What is the frequency closest to 300 Hz to which the oscillator may be adjusted such that the observer hears minimal sound?
283 Hz is the frequency closest to 300 Hz to which the oscillator may be adjusted such that the observer hears a minimal sound.
Δr = 1/2λ
= v/2f
f = v / 2Δr
= 343 / 2(√13 - 3.00)
= 283 Hz.
Frequency is a vital parameter used in technological know-how and engineering to specify the temporal fee of exchange located in oscillatory and periodic phenomena, including mechanical vibrations, audio signals (sound), radio waves, and light.
The wide variety of intervals or cycles consistent with 2d is referred to as frequency. The SI unit for frequency is the hertz (Hz). One hertz is the same as one cycle in keeping with 2nd.
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I don’t understand this problem. Please help!
Based in the frame rate and the distance travelled by the ball, the speed of the ball is 398.6 cm/s.
What is the speed of an object?
The speed of an object or a moving body is the ratio of the distance covered by the moving body or object and the time taken to cover that distance.
Mathematically:
Speed = distance covered/time takenThe speed of the ball in the diagram is determined as follows:
Total distance covered by the ball will the product of the distance between the points and the number of point covered by the ball after the original point.
Distance between points = 19 cm
number of points = 6
Total distance covered by the ball = 6 *19 cm
Total distance covered by the ball = 114 cm
Time taken = 1/frame rate * number of points
Time taken = 1/22 * 6
Time taken = 0.286 s
Speed = 114 cm/0.286 s
Speed = 398.6 cm/s
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compare and contrast the excited state and the ground state of electrons. please use proper grammar and mechanics.
The primary distinction between a system's ground state and excited state is that a system's ground state is any state in which its electrons are at their lowest potential energy levels, whereas an excited state is any state in which they are at an energy higher than the system's ground state.
What do you mean by the excited state and the ground state of the electron?
Any quantum state of a system that has higher energy than the ground state is considered to be in an excited state in quantum mechanics. An increase in energy level over a predetermined starting point, typically the ground state, but occasionally an already excited state, is referred to as excitation.
A ground-state atom is one in which moving one or more electrons to different orbitals will not reduce the overall energy of the electrons in the atom. In other words, all of the electrons in a ground-state atom are at their lowest conceivable energy levels.
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A ball is projected 125 meters straight upward and then falls the same distance back to its starting point. Neglecting air resistance, its total time in the air is about.
The ball that is projected 125 meters straight upward has a total time in the air of: 10.1 s
The formulas for the vertical launch upward and the procedures we will use are:
y max = v₀²/(2*g)t max = v₀/ gt(of)=2*t maxWhere:
v₀ = initial velocityg = gravityy max = maximum heightt max = time to reach maximum heightt(of) = time of flightInformation about the problem:
g = 9.8 m/s²y max= 125 mv₀ = ?t max =?t(of) =?Applying the maximum height formula and clearing the initial velocity we get:
y max = v₀²/(2*g)
v₀ = √(y max * (2*g))
v₀ = √( 125 m * (2 * 9.8 m/s²))
v₀ = √( 125 m * 19.6 m/s²)
v₀ = √2450 m²/s²
v₀ = 49.497 m/s
Applying the maximum time formula we get:
t max= v₀ / g
t max= 49.497 m/s / 9.8 m/s²
t max = 5.050 s
Applying the time of flight formula, we get:
t(of) =2 * t max
t(of) =2 * 5.050 s
t(of) = 10.1 s
What is vertical launch upwards?In physics vertical launch upwards is the motion described by an object that has been launched vertically upwards in which the height and the effect of the earth's gravitational force on the launched object are taken into account.
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The time spent in the air by the ball is 10.01 seconds.
What is the total time in the air by the ball?The total time spent in the air by the ball is the sum of the time it spends moving up and the time it spends falling down.
The time spent by the ball moving up - time spent by the ball travelling down.
Time spent by the ball traveling down a distance of 125 meters is calculated using the formula given as follows:
t = √2h/g
Total time spent = 2 * √2h/g
where:
h = 125 m
g = 9.81 m/s²
T = 2 * √(2 * 125/9.81)
T = 10.01 s
Therefore, the time spent in the air by the ball is the sum of the time spent moving up and the time it spends falling down which are both equal.
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The rest energy of an electron is 0.511MeV. The rest energy of a proton is 938MeV. Assume both particles have kinetic energies of 2.00MeV. Find the speed of(c) By what factor does the speed of the electron exceed that of the proton?
The speed of electron exceeds that of the proton by 0.917c given that the rest energy of an electron is 0.511MeV and the rest energy of a proton is 938MeV, with both particles having kinetic energies of 2.00MeV.
From,
v=√1-1/γ^2 ×c (1)
Where γ=4.91 for electrons and γ=1.002 for protons
The speed of proton is 0.063c and the speed of the electron is 0.98c
∆V is the change in velocity or speed
V_e is the velocity of the electron
V_p is the velocity of the proton
Change in velocity between the electron and proton ∆V=V_e-V_p
∆V=0.98c-0.063c
∆V=0.917c
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Jaronda is a member of a dance team. As a fundraiser, she and the other members of the team decide that she will use the team’s money to buy flowers in bulk, sell the flowers individually to students with her school’s permission, and return the team’s money plus any profits she makes. What is the MOST accurate name for Jaronda’s role?
A.
project manager
B.
network facilitator
C.
data manager
D.
systems operator
The role described here is that of a project manager.
Who is a project manager?A project manager is one who is saddled with the responsibility of seeing to the actualization of a project. The project manager is the one that plans, manages and executes the project.
Looking at the description of Jaronda’s role, we can see that she is in charge of the planning, execution and implementation of the project. This means that she has taken up the role of the project manager.
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if you run off the pavement, you should: turn the steering wheel quickly toward the road steer straight and slow down before attempting to return to the pavement steer straight ahead and speed up apply the brakes hard submit answer
pavement is defined as the surface of Road or sidewalk.
for example, the surface of Expressway.
There are two types of pavement.
rigid pavement which consists of one layer.
flexible pavement which consist of multiple layers.
While driving on roads of rural areas, if our right wheel moves off the pavement, we should always hold the steering wheel firmly and then take our foot off the pedal, then apply brake lightly until we are moving at a low speed.
if you run off the pavement, you should: turn the steering wheel quickly toward the road steer straight and slow down before attempting to return to the pavement steer straight ahead and speed up apply the brakes hard
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What is the difference between “q” and “Q” in physics?
Answer:
Big Q represents the source charge which creates the electric field. Little q represents the test charge which is used to measure the strength of the electric field at a given location surrounding the source charge.
The source charge, or Big Q, is what generates the electric field. Little q stands for the test charge, that is used to gauge the intensity of the electromagnetic field around the source charge at a certain position.
What is electric charge?Charged material experiences a force when it is exposed to an electromagnetic field because of the physical characteristic of electric charge.
You can have a positive or negative electric charge. Unlike charges attract one another, while like charges repel one another. Neutral refers to an object that carries no net charge.
Classical electrodynamics, the name given to early understanding of how charged particles interact, is still accurate for issues that do not call for taking into account quantum phenomena.
Electric current is a conserved attribute, meaning that the net charge—that is, the sum of the positive and negative charges in an isolated system—cannot change.
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how much work is done while pushing a box mass of 35kg at a distance of 20m?
Answer: 6867 N.m
Explanation:
Work Done= (35*9.81)*20 = 6867 N.m
A solid sphere of radius 40.0cm has a total positive charge of 26.0μC uniformly distributed throughout its volume. Calculate the magnitude of the electric field(c) 40.0cm
The magnitude of the electric field for 40 cm is 1.46 × 10^6 N/C
We choose a Gaussian sphere of radius r = R. Apply Gauss’s law from Equation (1):
[tex]\Phi_{\text{E}}=\oint \overrightarrow{\mathbf{E}}\cdot d\overrightarrow{\mathbf{A}}=\dfrac{q_{\text{in}}}{\epsilon_0}[/tex]
[tex]\oint EdA=\dfrac{q_{\text{in}}}{\epsilon_0}[/tex]
[tex]E\oint dA=\dfrac{q_{\text{in}}}{\epsilon_0}[/tex]
[tex]EA=\dfrac{q_{\text{in}}}{\epsilon_0}[/tex]
Where A is the area of the solid sphere found from Equation (2) and [tex]q_{\text{in}}[/tex] is the charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface which is the total charge of the sphere found from Equation (3):
[tex]E(4\pi r^2)=\dfrac{\rho V}{\epsilon_0}[/tex]
[tex]E(4\pi r^2)=\dfrac{(Q/\bcancel{V})\bcancel{V}}{\epsilon_0}[/tex]
Solve for E:
[tex]E=\dfrac{Q}{4\pi\epsilon_0 r^2}\tag{6}[/tex]
Substitute numerical values:
[tex]E&=\dfrac{26\times 10^{-6}}{4\pi (8.8542\times 10^{-12})(0.4)^2}\\ &={1.46\times 10^{6}\;\mathrm{N/C}\;\text{directed radially outward}}}[/tex]
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the outer gaseous giants are characterized by abundant (a. while the inner terrestrial planets are characterized by abundant (b. .
The outer gaseous giants are characterized by abundant gases like hydrogen, helium, methane, etc while the inner terrestrial planets are characterized by abundant solid elements like iron, nickel, silicon, etc.
Our solar system consists of the Sun and eight planets orbiting around it that are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Out of the eight, the four planets closest to the sun i.e Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are terrestrial, which means that their surfaces are rock solid and are composed of elements like iron, nickel, aluminum, silicon, etc.
They also have no moons or a few moons.
On the other hand, the remaining four planets i.e Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are composed mainly of gases like hydrogen, helium, and methane. They are devoid of solid surfaces.
Also, they all have a large number of moons orbiting them.
Therefore, the outer gaseous giants are characterized by abundant gases like hydrogen, helium, methane, etc while the inner terrestrial planets are characterized by abundant solid elements like iron, nickel, silicon, etc.
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