Describe how a polyploid is formed

Answers

Answer 1
In other words, the polyploid cell or organism has three or more times the haploid chromosome number. Polyploidy arises as the result of total nondisjunction of chromosomes during mitosis or meiosis. Polyploidy is common among plants and has been, in fact, a major source of speciation in the angiosperms.
Answer 2

Answer:

ExpPolyploidy is the heritable condition of possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes. Polyploids are common among plants, as well as among certain groups of fish and amphibians. For instance, some salamanders, frogs, and leeches are polyploids. Many of these polyploid organisms are fit and well-adapted to their environments. In fact, recent findings in genome research indicate that many species that are currently diploid, including humans, were derived from polyploid ancestors (Van de Peer & Meyer, 2005). These species that have experienced ancient genome duplications and then genome reduction are referred to as paleopolyploids. This article discusses the mechanisms underlying polyploidy, and both the advantages and disadvantages of having multiple sets of chromosomes.

Mechanisms of Polyploidy

This diagram shows several pathways by which diploid species can transition to polyploid species and polyploid species can transition to diploid species. Each species is represented by an oval containing two or more colored circles. Each colored circle represents a complete set of chromosomes.

View Full-Size ImageFigure 1

Figure Detail

How does an organism become polyploid? Polyploids arise when a rare mitotic or meiotic catastrophe, such as nondisjunction, causes the formation of gametes that have a complete set of duplicate chromosomes. Diploid gametes are frequently formed in this way. When a diploid gamete fuses with a haploid gamete, a triploid zygote forms, although these triploids are generally unstable and can often be sterile. If a diploid gamete fuses with another diploid gamete, however, this gives rise to a tetraploid zygote, which is potentially stable. Many types of polyploids are found in nature, including tetraploids (four sets of chromosomes), hexaploids (six sets of chromosomes), and other chromosome-pair multiples


Related Questions

What is the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 7.0 moles of NaCl solute in 585 ml of solution
?

Answers

Answer:

12 mol/L

Explanation:

Molarity = moles/L solution = 7.0 mol /0.585 L ≈ 12 mol/L

Predict your observation if a magnesium ribbon is put in potassium hydroxide solution and tested with a lighted wooden splinter.​

Answers

mg reacts with the acid and produce visible bubbles of hydrogen gas. they will produce audible pops as the hydrogen ignites. ... Hydrochloric acid is a corrosive liquid. Hydrogen gas is explosive.

which substance will form a solution when mixed with liquid benzene (c6h6)

Answers

Answer: [tex]I_{2} (l)[/tex]

Explanation: Because C 6 H 6 is nonpolar substance and I 2 is also nonpolar compound

According to the concept of solubility,iodine  will form a solution when mixed with liquid benzene  as both are non-polar substances.

What is solubility?

Solubility is defined as the ability of a substance which is basically solute to form a solution with another substance. There is an extent to which a substance is soluble in a particular solvent. This is generally measured as the concentration of a solute present in a saturated solution.

The solubility mainly depends on the composition of solute and solvent ,its pH and presence of other dissolved substance. It is also dependent on temperature and pressure which is maintained.Concept of solubility is not valid for chemical reactions which are irreversible. The dependency of solubility on various factors is due to interactions between the particles, molecule or ions.

Learn more about solubility,here:

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the list which contains only metals is

Answers

Answer:

Hydrogen in its metallic state (usually considered a nonmetal)​

Lithium.

Sodium.

Potassium.

Rubidium.

Cesium.

Francium.

Explanation:

Answer:

The list of elements that contains only metals is tin, copper and cesium.

Carbon and iodine aren't metals.

Helium isn't metal.

Neither iodine, carbon, nor argon are metals.  

(Hope this helps) Sky

In the lab, a student adds 4.5 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) to 100.0 g of water. Calculate the molality of the solution.

Answers

Answer:

0.77mol/Kg.

Explanation:

The following data were obtained from the question:

Mass of NaCl = 4.5g

Mass of water = 100g.

Molality =...?

Next, we shall determine the number of mole in 4.5g of NaCl. This can be obtained as follow:

Mass of NaCl = 4g.

Molar mass of NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5g/mol

Number of mole NaCl =..?

Mole = Mass /Molar Mass

Number of mole of NaCl = 4.5/58.5

Number of mole of NaCl = 0.077 mole.

Next, we shall convert 100g of water to kilograms. This is illustrated below:

1000g = 1kg

Therefore, 100g = 100/1000 = 0.1Kg.

Finally, we can determine the molality of the solution as follow:

Molality is simply defined as the mole of solute per unit kilogram of solvent (water). Mathematically, it is represented as:

Molarity = mole of solute / kg of solvent

Mole of solute, NaCl = 0.077 mole

Kg of solvent = 0.1kg

Molality = 0.077mol/0.1kg

Molality = 0.77mol/Kg

The molarity of the solution is 0.77mol/Kg.

Calculation of the molarity of the solution:

Since

Mass of NaCl = 4.5g

Mass of water = 100g.

Here,

Mass of NaCl = 4g.

Molar mass of NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5g/mol

Now

Mole = Mass /Molar Mass

= 4.5/58.5

= 0.077 mole.

Now

1000g = 1kg

So,

100g = 100/1000 = 0.1Kg.

Now

Molarity = mole of solute / kg of solvent

Mole of solute, NaCl = 0.077 mole

Kg of solvent = 0.1kg

So,

Molality = 0.077mol/0.1kg

= 0.77mol/Kg

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True Or False? A Load In A Circuit Transforms Light Energy Into Electrical Energy​

Answers

Answer:

False

Explanation:

This is because the electrical circuit, where the electrical energy is converted into another form of energy, e.g. lightbulb converts electrical energy into light and heat, an electric bell converts the electrical energy into sound and heat.

False.

The statement a load in a circuit transforms the light energy into electrical energy is False.

What is a load in the circuit?

Any device which transforms the electrical energy into other forms of energy, like light energy, sound energy, etc is called an electric load in the circuit.

What is electrical energy?

The type of kinetic energy caused by moving electric charges is known as electrical energy. The alternating current, direct current, and batteries provide electrical energy.

So, the load transforms the electrical energy into other forms like light energy, sound energy, etc.

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A 10.0 g sample of an unknown liquid is vaporized at 120.0°C and 5.0 atm. The volume of the vapour is found to be 568.0 mL. The liquid is determined to be made up of 84.2% carbon and 15.8% hydrogen. What is the molecular formula for the liquid?

Answers

Answer:

molecular formula of liquid = C₈H₁₈

Explanation:

First we determine the empirical formula of the liquid:

Number of moles of each element present in the liquid = % mass / molar mass

For Carbon, (molar mass = 12.01 g/mol) : 84.2/12.01 =7.011 moles

For Hydrogen (molar mass = 1.01 g/mol) : 15.8/1.01 = 15.643

Simplest mole ratio of the elements, C : H  is given by:

C = 7.011/7.011 = 1.0

H = 15.643/7.011 = 2.23

Multiplying through with 5, C:H = 5:11

Therefore, empirical formula is C₅H₁₁

The molecular mass of the liquid is next determined:

Using PV = nRT to find the number of moles of the liquid present

P = 5.0 atm; V = 568.0 mL = 0.568 L; R = 0.082 L*atmmol⁻¹ K⁻¹; T = 273 + 120 = 393 K

n = PV/RT = (5*0.568)/0.082*393

n = 0.088 moles

Molar mass of liquid = mass/no of moles = 10.0 g/ 0.088 moles = 113.63 gmol⁻¹

Molecular formula = n(empirical formula)

Molar mass of empirical formula, C₅H₁₁ = 71 gmol⁻¹

n = molecular mass/empirical mass = 113.63/71 = 1.6

Therefore, molecular formula =  1.6*(C₅H₁₁) = C₈H₁₈

PLEASE HELP CHEM BABES I HAVE BEEN CRYING FOR A WHILE NOW

1. Calculate the mass of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) present in a 0.831 L container if the pressure is 100 kPa at a temperature of 27 oC. R = 8.31 kPa x L / mol x K. (K = oC + 273).

2. A 33.2 L tank contains 280 g of compressed helium. If the pressure inside the tank is 700.0 kPa, what is the temperature of the compressed gas? You must convert the mass of helium into moles using the molar mass of He. The conversion factor will be 1 mol / molar mass of helium. R = 8.31 kPa x L / mol x K

Answers

Answer: See below

Explanation:

1. To calculate the mass, you know you can convert by using molar mass. Since mass is in grams, we can use molar mass to convert moles to grams. This calls for the Ideal Gas Law.

Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRT

We manipulate the equation so that we are solving for moles, then convert moles to grams.

n=PV/RT

P= 100 kPa

V= 0.831 L

R= 8.31 kPa*L/mol*K

T= 27°C+273= 300 K

Now that we have our values listed, we can plug in to find moles.

[tex]n=\frac{(100kPa)(0.831L)}{(8.31kPa*l/molK)(300K)}[/tex]

[tex]n=0.033mol[/tex]

We use the molar mass of NO₂ to find grams.

[tex]0.033mol*\frac{46.005g}{1mol }=1.52 g[/tex]

The mass is 1.52 g.

2. To calculate the temperature, we need to use the Ideal Gas Law.

Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRT

We can manipulate the equation so that we are solving for temperature.

T=PV/nR

P= 700.0 kPa

V= 33.2 L

R= 8.31 kPa*L/mol*K

n= 70 mol

Now that we have our values, we can plug in and solve for temperature.

[tex]T=\frac{(700kPa)(33.2L)}{(70mol)(8.31 kPa*L/molK)}[/tex]

[tex]T=40K[/tex]

The temperature is 40 K.

What is the similarity between 0.6 M KI and 0.6 m KI ?​

Answers

Answer:

Molarity and molality are both used to express the concentration of a solution. The amount of solute is both expressed in moles.

Explanation:

calculate the ph of a solution containing 0.001 mol dm-3 Naoh

Answers

Answer:

pOH = - log [molarity of OH-] = - log [ molarity of NaOH] , assuming full dissociation. Thus, pOH = - log ( 0.001) = - (-3) = 3. Thus, the pH of 0.001 mol/dm3 NaOH solution is 11.

Explanation:

Hope it'll help!

PLZZZZZZZZ HELLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLPPPPPP!!!!! soo stuckkkkk

Answers

Hey I’m going on a date

please answer in details. what class of carbon is coal ​

Answers

Coal falls under Graphite

This type of substance has a pH of 7. It will not change the color of litmus.

1. Acid
2. Base
3. Neutral


This question was just so some of y'all can get more points lol.​

Answers

They do be needing more points tho lol

Give two examples of solutions that you might find or prepare in a kitchen.

Answers

Explanation:

solid liquid

solid gas

liquid solid

what is the difference between an exothermic and endothermic reaction.

Answers

Answer:

An endothermic reaction takes in heat, but feels cold to the touch. An exothermic reaction gives off heat and feels warm to the touch because it is heating the outside objects.

Which phrase describes a feature of a Mercator projection? is least commonly used sizes most features to scale presents longitude lines as parallel shows most accurately near the prime meridian

QUICK

Answers

Answer:

  presents longitude lines as parallel

Explanation:

The Mercator projection shows longitude lines as  parallel, hence greatly distorts sizes and distances near the poles. A useful feature is that a course of constant bearing shows as a straight line.

Answer:

C.) presents longitude lines as parallel

Explanation:

Took it on E2020

example of potassium salt​

Answers

Answer:

1) Sodium Chloride

2) Potassium Dichromate

3)Calcium Chloride

4)Sodium Bisulfate

Explanation:

Ex:1) Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the most common type of salt in our lives. Known as table salt, it forms a cubic lattice when it's in solid form. It's one of the safest materials you can use in a chemistry class or kitchen.

Ex:2) Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is an orange-colored salt composed of potassium, chromium and oxygen. Not only is it toxic to humans, it's also an oxidizer that is a fire hazard. Potassium dichromate should never be thrown away. Instead, it should be washed down the drain with a lot of water. Always use rubber gloves when working with this compound. If you spill a potassium dichromate solution on your skin, it gives you a chemical burn. Keep in mind that any compound with chromium in it is a potential carcinogen.

Ex:3)Calcium chloride (CaCl2) resembles table salt in its white color. It is widely used to remove ice from roads. It's more effective than sodium chloride as a deicer, because calcium chloride produces three ions, while calcium chloride produces only two. Calcium chloride can melt ice down to minus 25 F, as much as 10 degrees lower than for sodium chloride. Calcium chloride is so hygroscopic, which is the ability to absorb water, that if you leave it in a room uncovered, it can absorb enough water from the air to dissolve into a solution all on its own.

Ex:4) Sodium bisulfate (NaHSO4) forms from sodium, hydrogen, sulfur and oxygen. It is created from sulphuric acid and retains one of the acid's hydrogen ions, which gives this salt acidic qualities. Known as a dry acid, sodium bisulfate is used in commercial applications, such as reducing the pH level of spas and swimming pools, washing concrete and cleaning metals. In its solid form, sodium bisulfate forms white beads. This salt is poisonous and can damage your skin, so use rubber gloves when handling it. If ingested, call the poison control center immediately and do not induce vomiting.

Which substance is a mixture? Table salt, gasoline, aluminum, or carbon dioxide.

Answers

Answer:

gasoline

Explanation:

Gasoline is the mixture because it takes several chemicals mixing together to make it.

This formula equation is unbalanced. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Li2SO4(aq) Right arrow. PbSO4(s) + LiNO3(aq) Which coefficient should appear in front of LiNO3 in the balanced equation? 1 2 3 4

Answers

Answer:2

Explanation:

Answer:

2

Explanation:

How many moles of sodium hydroxide would react with 1 Mole of sulphuric acid?

Answers

Answer:

Two moles.

Explanation:

Sulphuric (sulfuric) acid [tex]\rm H_2SO_4[/tex] is a diprotic acid. When one mole of [tex]\rm H_2SO_4[/tex] molecules dissolve in water, two moles of [tex]\rm H^{+}[/tex] ions would be produced.

[tex]\rm H_2SO_4 \to 2\, H^{+} + {SO_4}^{2-}[/tex].

On the other hand, sodium hydroxide [tex]\rm NaOH[/tex] is a monoprotic base. When one mole of [tex]\rm NaOH[/tex] formula units dissolve in water, only one mole of hydroxide ions [tex]\rm OH^{-}[/tex] would be produced.

[tex]\rm NaOH \to Na^{+} + OH^{-}[/tex].

Note that [tex]\rm H^{+}[/tex] and [tex]\rm OH^{-}[/tex] react at a one-to-one ratio:

[tex]\rm H^{+} + OH^{-} \to H_2O[/tex].

As a result, it would take [tex]2\; \rm mol[/tex] of [tex]\rm OH^{-}[/tex] to react with the [tex]\rm 2\; mol[/tex] of [tex]\rm H^{+}[/tex] that was released when [tex]1\; \rm mol[/tex] of [tex]\rm H_2SO_4[/tex] is dissolved in water. Since one mole of [tex]\rm NaOH[/tex] formula units could produce only one mole of [tex]\rm OH^{-}[/tex], it would take [tex]\rm 2\; mol[/tex] of [tex]\rm NaOH[/tex] formula units to produce that [tex]2\; \rm mol[/tex] of [tex]\rm OH^{-}[/tex] for reacting with [tex]1\; \rm mol[/tex] of [tex]\rm H_2SO_4[/tex].

pls help asap pls !!

Answers

Answer:

basic solution.

Explanation:

has a pH of 12.

it turns clear indicator pink.

it contains hydroxide ions which conduct electricity

What shape would a molecule with two bound groups and two lone pairs
have?
A. Trigonal pyramidal
B. Tetrahedral
C. Linear
D. Bent

Answers

Answer:

It would have to be D, a bent shape

Explanation:

I just took the quiz

What are the two ways that humans lose heat? PLS help thank you!

Answers

Answer:

Evaporation, Radiation

Explanation:

Evaporation of water from your skin if it is wet (sweating). ...

Radiation (similar to heat leaving a woodstove).

MY ELEMENT IS SODIUM

1. Summarize the physical and chemical properties of the element you selected.

2. In the lesson, many models were used to depict the atom. How did these models help you understand atomic structure?

3. How do protons, neutrons, and electrons differ in terms of their electrical charges and locations within the atom?

4. Describe the four fundamental forces. Which of these forces are involved in chemical bonding?

Please answer these questions or at least one.

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

1. The element you selected is Sodium. some of the physical properties are

i. Sodium has a strong metallic lustre

ii. Sodium are usually silver white in color

iii. Sodium is soft it can be cut with knife

iv. Sodium are malleable and ductile.

v.  Sodium conduct electricity

Sodium belong to group 1 elements which are called Alkali metals. Sodium have one valency electron and it gives this electron easily during bonding . This is one reason sodium and other alkali metals are very reactive. Sodium can instantly be oxidized by water.  Sodium has a relative atomic mass of approximately 23 amu.

2. There are various models that describe atoms .This models includes John Dalton models, J.J Thompson model, Ernest Rutherford model, Bohr's models etc. This models made us understand the role and location of each sub atomic particles. The models shed more light on subatomic particles like electron which revolve around the nucleus.  It provide more information on what contribute to the weight of an atom.

3. The proton , neutron and electron are subatomic particles of an atom. The proton and the neutron are located at the nucleus of an atom.  The proton and neutron contributes majorly to the weight of an atom. The proton is positively charge while neutron has no charge.

Electron is found to move around the nucleus in cloud. The electron is negatively charge. The electron determines bonding of atoms. An atom is electrically neutral if the number of proton is equal to the number of electron.

4. The four fundamental forces includes weak nuclear forces , strong nuclear forces , gravity and electromagnetic forces.

Weak nuclear forces is responsible for particle decay .Nuclear forces don't play a role in chemical reaction . If they are involve in a reaction it becomes nuclear reaction not chemical reaction.

Strong nuclear forces causes a strong nuclear interaction and it is the strongest among the 4 fundamental forces. This strong force only operate when subatomic particles are much closer to each other.

Gravity force is too weak to affect chemical reaction much. The gravity forces involves the interaction between two objects with energy and mass.

The electromagnetic force act between charged particles like negatively charged electron and positively charged proton. Electromagnetic force is the most important force in chemical bonding as it depends on the arrangement of atoms and the state of their electron. Electromagnetic forces exist in various forms like the covalent bond, metallic, ionic , dipole dipole, hydrogen bonds and many more. The major force involve in chemical bonding is the electromagnetic force.

Explain what environmental bias means. What are the categories that
make up environmental bias? How does environmental bias relate to
chemistry?

Answers

Answer: Environmental bias can be defined as the idea that suggests a group of people being living in the environment which is harmful for them.

Explanation:

There are three categories that make up the environmental bias there are socio-cultural choice, occupational choice, and personal choice.

The environmental bias can be related to chemistry as chemical lab is an area prone to chemical (acid, alkali) and fire so produced in reactions thus prone to accidental hazards not safe for working of people. But people like to work in chemical lab due to their personal and occupational choice.

Distillation is a _____________ separation technique.

chemical

physical

Answers

Answer:

Chemical

Explanation:

Because it's being done by chemical means

In a galvanic cell, anode is where oxudatuon takes place? ​

Answers

In a galvanic cell, the oxidation and reduction of metals occurs at the electrodes. There are two electrodes in a very cell, one in each half-cell. The cathode is where reduction takes place and oxidation takes place at the anode.

How would you separate pure dry cleaning solvent from waste dry cleaning solvent containing dirt that dissolves in the solvent from clothes

Answers

Answer:

fddff s

Explanation:

v c dggbgzfx

Which of the following reactions shows that the formation of CO2 releases
393.5 kJ/mol?
A. C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + 393.5 kJ
O B. C(s) + 20(g) + 393.5 kJ → CO2(9)
O C. C(s) + O(g) + CO2(g) + 393.5 kJ
D. C(s) + O2(g) + 393.5 kJ → CO2(g)

Answers

Answer:

A. C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + 393.5 kJ

Explanation:

The formation of carbon IV oxide (CO2) is an exothermic process. n exothermic process is a chemical process in which heat is evolved. Speaking in lay man's terminology, heat is one of the 'products' of the reaction. This implies that heat is evolved by the process.

The formation of CO2 is always a combustion reaction where heat is evolved or released by the reaction system. Hence the reaction could be shown as;

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + 393.5 kJ

This implies that 393.5 kJ of energy is released in the reaction in the form of heat. Hence the answer given in the answer box.

Answer: C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + 393.5 kJ

How many electrons must calcium lose to satisfy the octet rule?
Gain 2 electrons
Lose 2 electrons
Lose 40 electrons
Lose 20 electrons
• Previous
Next >

Answers

Answer:

Lose 2 electrons

Explanation:

Other Questions
Do 6,7 for 10 points. As an employee in the Lottery Commission, your job is to design a new prize. Your idea is to create two grand prize choices: (1) receiving $50,000 at the end of each year beginning in one year for 20 consecutive years, or (2) receiving $500,000 today followed by a one-time payment at the end of 20 years. Using an interest rate of 6%, which of the following comes closest to the amount prize (2) needs to pay at the end of year 20 in order that both prizes to have the same present value?a. $ 326,649 b. $ 440,463 c. $ 114,932 d. $ 393,342 e. $ 235,712 Fill in the blank with the Spanish word that best completes the following sentence. Soy un profesor bueno. Trabajo en __________. What three African American experiences during from the Reconstruction era are reflected in the movie, Sounder ? What else are extreme sports sometimes called?O A. Action sportsO B. Adventure sportsO C. Adrenaline sportsD. Both A and B The graph shows the function f(x) = lx - h| + k. What is thevalue of h? Mrs Baker is preparing her students for their exams. The exams are two weeks away. Mrs Baker advises her students to spend 25% of each day revising. A) How many hours does Mrs Baker expect her students to revise each day?B)) How many hours in total will the students have revised if they follow Mrs Bakers advise for the next two weeks? Why a specialized cell does not undergo mitosis? When are two populations likely to have very similar allele frequencies?A. If the selective pressures are differentB. If there is a high mutation rateC. If there is a large amount of genetic driftD. If there is a large amount of gene flow The table represents a function. A 2-column table with 5 rows. The first column is labeled x with entries negative 6, 7, 4, 3, negative 5. The second column is labeled f of x with entries 8, 3, negative 5, negative 2, 12. Which value is an output of the function? 6 2 4 7The table represents a function. A 2-column table with 5 rows. The first column is labeled x with entries negative 6, 7, 4, 3, negative 5. The second column is labeled f of x with entries 8, 3, negative 5, negative 2, 12. Which value is an output of the function? 6 2 4 7 Whats the correct answer for this question? Jackson has the choice to invest in city of Mitchell bonds or Sundial, Inc. corporate bonds that pay 5.6 percent interest. Jackson is a single taxpayer who earns $47,500 annually. Assume that the city of Mitchell bonds and the Sundial, Inc. bonds have similar risk. What interest rate would the city of Mitchell have to pay in order to make Jackson indifferent between investing in the city of Mitchell and the Sundial, Inc. bonds for 2019 What is the measure of angle BCD? WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST! If a random sample of size 774 is selected, what is the probability that the proportion of persons with a retirement account will differ from the population proportion by less than 3% hlp me hlp me hlp me hlp me Some cruise ship passengers are given magnetic bracelets, which they agree to wear in an attempt to eliminate or diminish the effects of motion sickness. Others are given similar bracelets that have no magnetism. What type of study is this? What are the variables of interest?Choose the correct answer below. A. Observational study. The variable of interest is whether the passenger experienced motion sickness. B. Observational study. The variable of interest is whether a passenger's bracelet is magnetized or not. C. Experiment. The variable of interest is whether the passenger experienced motion sickness. D. Experiment. The variable of interest is whether a passenger's bracelet is magnetized or not. A food chain is a simple way of showing the relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. What do we call a diagram that shows the complex feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem? Hot and Cold has annual sales of $847,000, annual depreciation of $47,000, and net working capital of $43,000. The tax rate is 21 percent and the profit margin is 7.3 percent. The firm has no interest expense. What is the amount of the operating cash flow was The Erie Canal was one reason that manufacturers had to increase the prices of goods being shipped to the Midwest. What is the original source of energy for gasoline?O plantsO SunO petroleumO fossil fuels