Answer:
Increasing both the firm's risk and its potential profits
Explanation:
The CAPM estimate of rs is equal to the risk-free rate, rRF, plus a risk premium that is equal to the risk premium on an average stock, (rM - rRF), scaled up or down to reflect the particular stock's risk as measured by its beta coefficient, bi. This model assumes that a firm's stockholders are ______________ diversified, but if they are ______________ diversified, then the firm's true investment risk would not be measured by _______________- and the CAPM estimate would _______________ the correct value of rs.
Explanation:
jsbdjwidhsjdbxbsjayye edhfhey endings even ebzbsye it hens even jsbdjwidhsjdbxbsjayye everything ehdbxkw everything ehxbxjzndjaoHxjdksaphdxj
Entity B bought equipment for $240,000 on January 1, 2021. It estimated the useful life to be 3 years with no salvage value, and the straight-line method of depreciation was used. On January 1, 2022, Entity B decides that it will use the equipment for a total of 5 years. Compute the revised depreciation expense for 2022 and make the entry to record depreciation expense. Show work.
Answer:
Part 1
Revised depreciation expense = $32,000
Part 2
The entry to record depreciation expense :
Debit : Depreciation Expense $32,000
Credit : Accumulated Depreciation $32,000
Explanation:
Straight line method charges a fixed depreciation charge over the year of use of an asset.
Depreciation expense = (Cost - Salvage Value) ÷ Estimated Useful Life
2021
Depreciation expense = $80,000
2022
Old Depreciation expense = $80,000
New Depreciation expense = Depreciable Amount ÷ Remaining Useful Life
= ($240,000 - $80,000) ÷ 5
= $32,000
AN IMPLIED CONTRACT CAN BEST BE DEFINED AS: WILL NOT BE RECOGNIZED AS ENFORCEABLE BY THE COURTS A TRUE FORM OF A FORMAL CONTRACT THE INTENTIONS OF THE PARTIES ARE INFERRED FROM THEIR CONDUCT BY THE COURT AS WELL AS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CONTRACT WHICH EXISTS IN THE EYES OF THE LAW, EVEN THOUGH THE PARTIES HAVE NOT IN ANY WAY INTENDED TO FORM THE CONTRACT
Answer: the intentions of the parties is inferred from their conduct by the court as well as the circumstances of the contract
Explanation:
An implied contract is referred to as an agreement that's legally-binding which was created due to the actions, or circumstances of the parties that were involved.
In an implied contract, the parties typically possess no written contract, but an obligation is created by the law based on the conduct of the parties involved.
Grocery Corporation received $300,328 for 11 percent bonds issued on January 1, 2018, at a market interest rate of 8 percent. The bonds had a total face value of $250,000, stated that interest would be paid each December 31, and stated that they mature in 10 years. Assume Grocery Corporation accounts for the bond using the shortcut approach.
Required:
Prepare the required journal entries to record the bond issuance and the first interest payment on December 31.
Answer and Explanation:
The journal entry is shown below:
Cash Dr $300328
To Bonds Payable $250000
To Premium on Bonds payable $50328
(Being bond issued at a premium is recorded)
Interest Expense Dr $24026 ($300,328 × 8%)
Premium on bonds payable Dr $3474
To Cash $27500 ($250,000 ×11%)
(Being interest expense recorded)
These two entries should be recorded for the given situation
Molo Oil Company produces gasoline, home heating oil, and jet fuel from crude oil in a joint processing operation. Joint processing costs up to the split-off point total $385,000 per month. For financial reporting purposes, the company allocates these costs to the joint products on the basis of their relative sales value at the split-off point. Unit selling prices and total output at the split-off point are as follows: Product Selling Price Monthly Output Gasoline $ 27.00 per gallon 14,400 gallons Heating Oil $ 21.00 per gallon 22,400 gallons Jet Fuel $ 33.00 per gallon 5,600 gallons Each product can be processed further after the split-off point. Additional processing requires no special facilities. The additional processing costs (per quarter) and unit selling prices after further processing are given below: Product Additional Processing Costs Selling Price Gasoline $ 89,220 $ 32.80 per gallon Heating Oil $ 129,170 $ 27.80 per gallon Jet Fuel $ 60,160 $ 41.80 per gallon Required: 1. What is the financial advantage (disadvantage) of further processing each of the three products beyond the split-off point
Answer:
Molo Oil Company
The financial advantage of further processing of each of the three products beyond the split-off point is:
= $182,430
(which is the additional profit gained from the further processing).
Explanation:
Joint processing costs = $385,000 per month
Product Selling Price Monthly Output Sales Value
Gasoline $ 27.00 per gallon 14,400 gallons $388,800 ($27*14,100)
Heating Oil $ 21.00 per gallon 22,400 gallons 470,400 ($21*22,400)
Jet Fuel $ 33.00 per gallon 5,600 gallons 184,800 ($33*5,600)
Total sales value = $1,044,000
Joint costs = 385,000
Profit = $659,000
Allocation of joint processing costs of $385,000
Gasoline = $143,379 ($388,800/$1,044,000 * $385,000)
Heating Oil 173,471 ($470,400/$1,044,000 * $385,000)
Jet Fuel 68,150 ($184,800/$1,044,000 * $385,000)
Total cost $385,000
Total costs:
Additional
Joint Cost Monthly Cost Total Costs
Gasoline $143,379 $29,740 $173,119
Heating Oil 173,471 43,057 216,528
Jet Fuel 68,150 20,053 88,203
Total costs $385,000 $92,850 $477,850
Product Additional Processing Selling Price
Costs (per quarter)
Gasoline $ 89,220 $ 32.80 per gallon
Heating Oil $ 129,170 $ 27.80 per gallon
Jet Fuel $ 60,160 $ 41.80 per gallon
Product Additional Processing Selling Price
Costs (per month)
Gasoline $ 29,740 $ 32.80 per gallon
Heating Oil $ 43,057 $ 27.80 per gallon
Jet Fuel $ 20,053 $ 41.80 per gallon
Determination of profit after further processing:
Product Selling Price Monthly Output Sales Value
Gasoline $ 32.80 per gallon 14,400 gallons $462,480 ($32.80*14,100)
Heating Oil $ 27.80 per gallon 22,400 gallons 622,720 $27.80*22,400)
Jet Fuel $ 41.80 per gallon 5,600 gallons 234,080 ($41.80*5,600)
Total sales revenue = $1,319,280
Total costs = 477,850
Profit = $841,430
Financial advantage
Profit after further processing = $841,430
Profit with Joint processing = 659,000
Financial advantage = $182,430
WiseGuy Capital mutual fund has $200 million in assets and 10 million shares at the start of the year and with $250 million in assets and 11 million shares at the end of the year. During the year investors have received income distributions of $2 per share and capital gain distributions of $.25 per share. Assuming that the fund carries no debt, does not charge any load, and the total expense ratio is 2%, what is the rate of return on the fund
Answer:
The return rate on the fund is "23.75%".
Explanation:
The given values are:
In the starting of the year,
Mutual fund assets,
= $200
Share,
= 10 million
In the end of the year,
Income distribution,
= $2 per share
Capital gain distribution,
= $.25 per share
Total expense ration,
= 2%
Now,
The initial NAV will be:
= [tex]\frac{200mn}{10mn}[/tex]
= [tex]20[/tex]$
The final NAV will be:
= [tex]250-\frac{250\times 0.01}{11}[/tex]
= [tex]22.5[/tex]
hence,
The return will be:
= [tex]\frac{Change \ in \ NAV+Div+Capital \ gain \ distribution}{Initial \ NAV}[/tex]
On substituting the values, we get
= [tex]\frac{22.5-20+2+0.25}{20}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{4.75}{20}[/tex]
= [tex]0.2375[/tex]
i.e.,
= [tex]23.75[/tex]%
Explain how planning involves making decisions today that will have an impact later.
Planning is figuring out what you will do and when. If you plan to play video games instead of doing homework, then tomorrow at school you will get in trouble. If you plan on dropping out of high school, later in life you will not be able to get as many jobs.
Answer: Decision making is the core of planning. Unless a decision has been made, a plan cannot be implemented in the field. ... Decisions can be made without planning but planning cannot be done without making decisions. Planning can be defined as the process of selecting a future course of action.\
A lottery winner can take $6million now or be paid $600,000 at the end of each year for the next 16 years. The winner calculates the internal rate of return of taking the money at the end of each year, and estimating that the discount rate across this period will be 5%, decides to take the money at the end of each year. Was her decision correct
Answer:
yes
the present value of the 16 year annuity is 6502661.74. this is greater than $6 million
Explanation:
In September, Larson Inc. sold 40,000 units of its only product for $240,000, and incurred a total cost of $225,000, of which $25,000 was fixed costs. The flexible budget for September showed total sales of $300,000. Among variances of the period were: total variable cost flexible-budget variance, $8,000U; total flexible-budget variance, $63,000U; and, sales volume variance, in terms of contribution margin, $27,000U. The sales volume variance, in terms of operating income, for September (to the nearest dollar) was:
Answer:
The sales volume variance is $20,000 Unfavorable.
Explanation:
Particular : Actual ; Flexible Budget ; Variance
Sales : 240,000 ; 300,000 ; 60,000 U
Variable Cost : 200,000 ; 192,000 ; 8,000 U
Contribution Margin : 40,000 ; 108,000 ; 68,000 U
Fixed Cost : 25,000 ; 80,000 ; 55,000 U
Operating Income : 15,000 ; 28,000 ; 20,000U
The local police department gives a detective test. Everyone who takes the test must have been a police officer for at least five years. The people taking the exam are rated from highest to lowest based on their test scores. If a detective position becomes available, it is filled on the basis of who has the highest score. What best describes this practice?
Answer:
Internal Recruitment/Selection, based on merit.
Explanation:
The local police department gives a Detective test and these are the features of that test;
1. The test is for persons who are already police officers.
This is called internal sourcing / internal recruitment. Instead of having fresh candidates, the police department picked up on employed police officers.
2. Everyone sitting for the test has been a police officer for at least 5 years.
This quality shows that everyone sitting for the test has experience on the job of policing. This also means that the test candidates will be familiar with terms on the test script.
3. The criterion for selection of best candidate is score.
This is a merit selection, hence if an officer of 15 years scores 65% and an officer of 5 years scores 80%, the officer of 5 years takes the vacant detective position.
H. Tillman performed legal services for J. Laney. Due to a cash shortage, an agreement was reached whereby J. Laney. would pay H. Tillman a legal fee of approximately $12800 by issuing 3100 shares of its common stock (par $1). The stock trades on a daily basis and the market price of the stock on the day the debt was settled is $3.90 per share. Given this information, the journal entry for J. Laney. to record this transaction is:
Answer:
The journal entry for J. Laney to record this transaction is
Dr legal expenses $12,990
______Cr Common stock $3,100
_______Cr Share premium $8,990
Explanation:
The common stocks are carried at par value of $1. This implies that any price paid in excess of the par value is made provision for in the share premium account.
Again, the common stocks issued are measured at the price required to settle the legal expenses and are paid in excess of par value of $1.
Share premium = ($3.90 - $1) × 3,100
Share premium = $8,990
Topic: How Banks Create Money
Skill: Definition
33) Suppose the required reserve ratio is 20%, A $40 million cash deposit will, at most, allow an
expansion of the money supply to
Answer:
$200 million
Explanation:
Increase in the total value of checkable deposit is determined by the money multiplier
Money multiplier = amount deposited /required reserve requirement
Required reserve requirement is the percentage of deposits required of banks to keep as reserves by the central bank
$40 million / 0.2 = $200 million
Clinicke Inc. sells merchandise of $800,000 in 2020 that includes a two-year limited warranty against manufacturing defects as part of the selling price. Warranty costs are estimated to be 1% of sales. If the company incurred $2,200 of actual costs in responding to warranty claims in 2020 (related to 2020 sales), how much should Clinicke record in warranty expense for 2020
Answer:
the amount recorded in the warranty expense is $8,000
Explanation:
The computation of the amount recorded in the warranty expense is shown below:
= Sale value of merchandise inventory × estimated percentage
= $800,000 × 1%
= $8,000
hence, the amount recorded in the warranty expense is $8,000
So the above formula should be applied
All details related to an employee's earnings deductions and net pay throughout the year would be found in
Answer:
All details related to an employee's earnings deductions and net pay throughout the year would be found in the individual earnings record.
Explanation:
A random Quizlet had the answer when I searched the question up lol
Bridgeport Company is constructing a building. Construction began on February 1 and was completed on December 31. Expenditures were $1,836,000 on March 1, $1,236,000 on June 1, and $3,038,370 on December 31. Bridgeport Company borrowed $1,112,250 on March 1 on a 5-year, 12% note to help finance construction of the building. In addition, the company had outstanding all year a 9%, 5-year, $2,342,100 note payable and an 10%, 4-year, $3,467,800 note payable. Compute the weighted-average interest rate used for interest capitalization purposes.
Answer:
9.6%
Explanation:
According to the problem, calculation are as follows,
Company borrowed on March 1 = $1,112,250
First we calculate total expenditures in constructing a building.
Total Expense = ($1,836,000 × 10÷12)+ ($1,236,000 × 7÷12)+ ($3,038,370 × 0÷12)
= $1,530,000 + $721,000 + 0
= $2,251,000
So, Difference in both amount = $2,251,000 - $1,112,250 = $1,138,750
We can calculate the weighted average interest rate by using following formula,
Weighted average interest rate = Interest ÷ outstanding principal
Where, Outstanding principal = $2,342,100 + $3,467,800 = $5,809,900
Interest = $2,342,100 × 9% + $3,467,800 × 10%
= $210,789 + $346,780 = $557,569
So, by putting the value in formula, we get,
Weighted average interest rate = $557,569 ÷ $5,809,900
= 0.096 or 9.6%
At the beginning of the tax year, Barnaby's basis in the BBB Partnership was $50,000, including his $5,000 share of partnership debt. At the end of the tax year, his share of debt was $8,000. His share of the partnership's income for the year was $20,000, and he received cash distributions totaling $12,000. In addition, his share of the partnership's nontaxable income was $1,000.
Required:
Determine Barnaby's basis at the end of the tax year.
Answer:
$62,000
Explanation:
Calculation to Determine Barnaby's basis at the end of the tax year
Using this formula
Ending tax year Barnaby's basis in the partnership=[BBB Partnership basis+( Share of debt-Share of partnership debt)+ Share of Partnership's income +Share of partnership's nontaxable income-Cash distributions]
Let plug in the formula
Ending tax year Barnaby's basis in the partnership =$50,000 + ($8,000-$5,000) + $20,000 + $1,000 - $12,000
Ending tax year Barnaby's basis in the partnership =$50,000 + $3,000 + $20,000 + $1,000 - $12,000
Ending tax year Barnaby's basis in the partnership = =$62,000
Therefore Barnaby's basis at the end of the tax year will be $62,000
Interest rates on 4-year Treasury securities are currently 5.55%, while 6-year Treasury securities yield 7.7%. The data has been collected in the Microsoft Excel Online file below. Open the spreadsheet and perform the required analysis to answer the question below. Open spreadsheet If the pure expectations theory is correct, what does the market believe that 2-year securities will be yielding 4 years from now? Calculate the yield using a geometric average. Do not round your intermediate calculations. Round your answer to two decimal places.
Answer:
12.13%
Explanation:
Calculation to determine what the market believe that 2-year securities will be yielding 4 years from now using a geometric average
Yield=((1+6 year rate)^6/(1+4 year rate)^4)^(1/2)-1
Yield =((1+7.7%)^6/(1+5.55%)^4)^(1/2)-1
Yield =0.1213*100
Yield =12.13%
Therefore what the market believe that 2-year securities will be yielding 4 years from now
using a geometric average will be 12.13%
Direct material budget. Inglenook Co. produces wine. The company expects to produce 2,500,000 two-liter bottles of Chablis in 2015. Inglenook purchases empty glass bottles from an outside vendor. Its target ending inventory of such bottles is 80,000; its beginning inventory is 50,000. For simplicity, ignore breakage. Compute the number of bottles to be purchased in 2015.
Answer:
2,530,000 bottles
Explanation:
Regarding the above information, we will compute the number of bottles to be purchased in 2015 as seen below
Purchase in units = Usage + Desired ending material inventory units - Beginning inventory units
Purchase in units = 2,500,000 + 80,000 - 50,000
Purchase in units = 2,530,000
Therefore, the number of bottles to be purchases in 2015 is 2,530,000
Richland Company has a calendar year reporting period. On July 1, 2020, Richland’s equipment, with an original cost of $29,000, was sold to Quaker Corporation for $15,000. The January 1, 2020, balance in the Accumulated Depreciation account was $10,000. Depreciation for the first six months of 2020 was $2,000. The journal entry to record the transaction would include a
Answer and Explanation:
The journal entry would be
Cash Dr $15,000
Accumulated depreciation ($10,000 + $2,000) $12,000
Loss on disposal - Plant assets $2,000
To equipment $29,000
(Being the sale of the equipment is recorded)
here the cash, accumulated depreciation and loss would be debited as it increased the assets and losses while on the other hand the equipment is credited as it decreased the assets
Unintentionally, David built in his backyard a garage that encroached two feet across the property line onto property owned by his neighbor, Harold. When the mistake was recognized immediately thereafter, David and Harold agreed in writing that David did not need to move the garage. The statutory period for the running of adverse possession in the state where the property is located is 15 years. Five years after the garage was completed, David sold his property to Nancy. Twenty years after Nancy purchased the property from David, Nancy claimed she had acquired the two feet of property through application of the doctrine of adverse possession. In a legal dispute between Nancy and Harold over ownership to the two feet Nancy now claims, which statement is most accurate:
Answer:
Nancy will prevail as she has used the property, openly as hers for over 15 years.
Explanation:
Since in the question it is given that nancy would prevail as she is able to used the property and for her it is open for above 15 years
Also the conditions related to the adverse possession would be fulfilled
So as per given situation, the above represent the answer
the same would be relevant
Going by the principle of adverse possession, the fact that Nancy has used the land beyond the statutory period of 15 years means that "Nancy will prevail as she has used the property, openly as hers for over 15 years."
The principle of adverse possession affirms that the possession of somebody else's land for an extended period of time might give the occupant the legal right of claiming ownership of the land. Nancy has up he land for 20 years since she purchased it from David, which is beyond the statutory period.Hence, Nancy would prevail since going by the principle of adverse possession.
Learn more : https://brainly.com/question/22711915
Von Bora Corporation is expected pay a dividend of $1.40 per share at the end of this year and a $1.50 per share at the end of the second year. You expect Von Bora's stock price to be $25.00 at the end of two years. Von Bora's equity cost of capital is 10%. The price you would be willing to pay today for a share of Von Bora stock, if you plan to hold the stock for two years is closest to:
Answer:
Price of share today = $23.17
Explanation:
The value of a stock using the dividend valuation model, is the present value of the expected cash inflows discounted at the required rate of return. The required rate of return is the cost of equity.
The cost of equity is 10% in this scenario
The price of the share will be determined as follows:
$
Present value of Dividend in yr 1 = 1.40× 1.1^(-1)= 1.27
Present value of Dividend in yr 2 = 1.50 × 1.1^(-2)=1.24
Present value of share in yr 2 = 25× 1.1^(-2) = 20.66
Present value of total cash inflow 23.17
Price of share today = $23.17
Stocks are considered as a financial instruments that represents a firm's ownership stake. Stocks are tool for investors to grow their money and surpass inflation over time.
The computation of the capital gain for the first year is shown below;
Current value = Future dividend and value × Present value of discounting factor(rate%, time period)
= $1.4 ÷ 1.1 + $1.5 ÷ 1.1^2 + $25 ÷ 1.1^2
= $23.15
Hence, the capital gain for the first year is $23.15
To know more about stock, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/24086308
A public good rev: 04_09_2018 Multiple Choice generally results in substantial negative externalities. can never be provided by a nongovernmental organization. costs essentially nothing to produce and is thus provided by the government at a zero price. cannot be provided to one person without making it available to others as well.
Answer:
cannot be provided to one person without making it available to others as well.
Explanation:
A public good is a good that is non excludable and non rivalrous. It cannot be provided to one person without making it available to others as well. If one person is using it, it does not stop other people from using it also. An example of a public good is roads.
Public goods contrasts with club goods and private goods
A club good is a type of public good. It is excludable but non-rivalrous. For example paid streaming services are an example of a club good. Those who do not subscribe are excluded from using the service. But all subscribers have equal assess to the service
A private good is a good that is excludable and rivalrous.e.g. a privately owned car
What does ceteris paribus mean?
ОА.
other things remain unequal
OB. other things remain constant
Oc. other things remain irregular
OD. other things remain unbalanced
Ceteris paribus mean : B. other things remain constant.
What is Ceteris paribus ?Ceteris paribus was a latin word that tend to means other things remain constant or the same.
Example of Ceteris paribus is when a marketer might say "ceteris paribus, we expect sales to increase by 20% if we lower the price of our product" to show that they are assuming that all other factors affecting sales such as advertising, competition, and consumer sentiment will remain the same
Therefore the correct option is B.
Learn more about Ceteris paribus here:https://brainly.com/question/868746
#SPJ1
Batista Company management wants to maintain a minimum monthly cash balance of $19,900. At the beginning of April, the cash balance is $19,900, expected cash receipts for April are $244,400, and cash disbursements are expected to be $253,300. How much cash, if any, must be borrowed to maintain the desired minimum monthly balance
Answer:
the amount must be borrowed is $8,900
Explanation:
The computation of the amount must be borrowed is shown below:
Opening cash balance $19,900
Add: cash receipts $244,400
Less: cash disbursements -$253,300
Cash balance after disbursements $11,000
Minimum monthly cash balance $19,900
Amount to be borrowed $8,900
hence, the amount must be borrowed is $8,900
The benefit of establishing a company over other forms of ownership
Answer:
limited liability
tax advantages
establishing credibility
unlimited life
raising capital
Black Horse Transportation's sales budget for the first quarter follows: January$125,000 February 300,000 March290,000 All sales are on account (credit) with 50% collected in the month of sale, 30% collected in the following month after sale, and 20% collected in the second month after sale. There are no uncollectable accounts. The March cash receipts are:
Answer:
$260,000
Explanation:
Cash Receipts Calculation - March
March Credit Sales ($290,000 x 50%) $145,000
February Credit Sales ($300,000 x 30%) $90,000
January Credit Sales ($125,000 x 20%) $25,000
Total $260,000
Therefore,
The March cash receipts are $260,000
brendamunsamy00
Where u at
Answer:
Bombay
the company has a charged net income for a year and an earthquake
The Technology department at Watkins Transit has a budgeted annual cost of $65,000. The department has a capacity to handle 250 work stations per year. Currently, purchasing, shipping, and administrative departments have 20, 45, and 135 work stations, respectively. If practical capacity is used to allocate costs, how much cost is allocated to shipping
Answer: $14,625
Explanation:
Based on the information given, if practical capacity is used to allocate cost, the cost that is allocated to shipping will be:
= Budgeted annual cost/200 × Number of shipping work stations
= 65000/200 × 45
= $14,625
Cost Allocation is the process of allocating an item of cost to an item of cost, which is directly followed. The cost that is allocated to shipping will be $14,625.
What is called costs allocation?
Cost Allocation is the process of identifying, accumulating, and allocating costs to expense items such as departments, products, systems, and many others.
Based on the information given, if practical capacity is used to allocate cost, the cost that is allocated to shipping will be:
[tex]\rm\, Cost \;that \;is \; allocated \; to \;shipping = \rm\, \frac{ \;Budgeted \; Annual \;Cost}{200} \times \;Number \;of \; shipping \;work \;stations\\\\= \dfrac{65000}{200} \times 45\\\\= \$14,625[/tex]
Hence, the cost that is allocated to shipping is $14,625.
To learn more about costs allocation, refer:
https://brainly.com/question/26978647
The Miller Manufacturing Company has two divisions. The Cutting Division prepares timber at its sawmills. The Assembly Division prepares the cut lumber into finished wood for the furniture industry. No inventories exist in either division at the beginning of 2019. During the year, the Cutting Division prepared 60,000 cords of wood at a cost of $660,000. All the lumber was transferred to the Assembly Division, where additional operating costs of $6 per cord were incurred. The 600,000 boardfeet of finished wood were sold for $2,500,000. Required: Determine the operating income for each division if the transfer price is $9 per cord.
Answer and Explanation:
The computation of the operating income in the case when the transfer price is $9 per cord
Particular Cutting Assembly
Revenue $540,000 $2,500,000
(60,000 × $9)
Cost of service
Incurred $660,000 $360,000
(60,000 × $6)
Transfered in $0 $540,000
Total $660,000 $900,000
Operating income -$120,000 $1,600,000
You are the manager of a firm that manufactures front and rear windshields for the automobile industry. Due to economies of scale in the industry, entry by new firms is not profitable. Toyota has asked your company and your only rival to simultaneously submit a price quote for supplying 100,000 front and rear windshields for its newest version of the Highlander. If both you and your rival submit a low price, each firm supplies 50,000 front and rear windshields and earns a zero profit. If one firm quotes a low price and the other a high price, the low-price firm supplies 100,000 front and rear windshields and earns a profit of $11 million and the high-price firm supplies no windshields and loses $2 million. If both firms quote a high price, each firm supplies 50,000 front and rear windshields and earns a $6 million profit. Determine your optimal pricing strategy if you and your rival believe that the new Highlander is a "special edition" that will be sold only for one year. Would your answer differ if you and your rival were required to resubmit price quotes year after year and if, in any given year, there was a 60 percent chance that Toyota would discontinue the Highlander? Explain.
Answer:
a. The optimal pricing strategy will be one-shot Nash equilibrium in which “You” charge low price, “Your Rival” charge low price and then the payoff is ($0, $0)
b. Yes, the anwer will differ becuase it is not possible to sustain the collusive outcome as a Nash equilibrium because [tex]\pi ^{Cheat}[/tex] > [tex]\pi ^{Cooperate}[/tex].
Explanation:
a. Determine your optimal pricing strategy if you and your rival believe that the new Highlander is a "special edition" that will be sold only for one year.
Note: See the attached excel file for the Representation of one shot normal for of the game played between "You" and "Your Rival" together with the payoffs.
From the attached excel file, the dominant strategy is for “You” and “Your Rival” to charge “Low Price” each. If the dominant strategy is played by “You” and “Your Rival”, the optimal pricing strategy will be one-shot Nash equilibrium in which “You” charge low price, “Your Rival” charge low price and then the payoff is ($0, $0).
b. Would your answer differ if you and your rival were required to resubmit price quotes year after year and if, in any given year, there was a 60 percent chance that Toyota would discontinue the Highlander? Explain.
When we have a year-after-year competition between “You” and “Your Rival” but with a 60 percent chance that Toyota would discontinue the Highlander, the payoffs of the firm that continue to comply with the collusive strategy of charging “High Price” by each firm under the normal trigger strategy whereby “You” and “Your Rival” agree to charge high price as long as there is no past deviation by any of the firm, otherwise charge a low price is as follows:
[tex]\pi ^{Cooperate}[/tex] = $6 + $6(100% - 60%) + $6(100% - 60%)^2 + 6(100% - 60%)^2 …….
[tex]\pi ^{Cooperate}[/tex] = $6 / 6% = $10
Therefore, what the firm that cheats earn today is $11 million and it earns $0 forever. The implication of this is that [tex]\pi ^{Cheat}[/tex] = $11
Therefore, the anwer will differ becuase it is not possible to sustain the collusive outcome as a Nash equilibrium because [tex]\pi ^{Cheat}[/tex] > [tex]\pi ^{Cooperate}[/tex].