Science is often defined inadequately as “an organized body of knowledge.” This would make cookbooks, Sears, Roebuck catalogues, and telephone books science, which they are not. Sometimes science is defined simply as rationality, but that would make much of theology and metaphysics science, which they are not. Rationality is logical consistency, lack of contradiction. It is to be distinguished from reasonableness, the quality of a mind open to arguments and evidence opposed to its beliefs: a willingness to reconsider. Rationalists can be quite unreasonable or dogmatic. Rationalist metaphysicians and theologians are often certain about premises which come from intuition or revelation. Even paranoiacs may be thought of as rationalists, for they are commonly most rigorous in reasoning. But their premises, which they cling to in spite of all evidence, are absurd.

WHAT SCIENCE IS

Science is empirical, rational, general, and cumulative; and it is all four at once. Science is empirical in that all its conclusions are subject to test by sense experience. Observation is the base on which science rests, but scientific observation is more than keeping one’s eyes open. It is observation made by qualified observers under controlled conditions of those things which confirm or disconfirm, verify or refute a theory. Sherlock Holmes* could tell by the stains on a vest what a man had eaten for breakfast. From a number of such observations he arrived at a theory about why and how a particular crime was committed. This procedure is excellent for detection but insufficient for science, because it yields only knowledge of particular events. Science would go on to ask why and how crime, not a particular crime, is committed. Science uses facts to test general theories and general theories to make predictions about particular facts.

Scientific observations may be made of things as they exist, like the color of an apple or the temperature of the air, or it may be made of what results from an experiment. An experiment is the deliberate manipulation of conditions in order to bring about what we want to observe. If we want to test the hypothesis that a new plastic can withstand two hundred pounds of pressure without crumbling, we may have to create a situation in which such pressure is applied to a piece of the plastic, because it is unlikely that the situation already exists anywhere in the world, or if it does, that all other factors are kept constant. In some sciences, like astronomy, we do not sufficiently control the subject matter to experiment on it—although we do control the conditions of observation—and we distinguish those sciences from others, like chemistry, in which experiment is possible, by calling the latter “experimental sciences.”

Although all scientific thought ultimately rests on observation, there are vast portions of it which are entirely rational: analysis of the meaning of terms, deductions from existent theories, explorations of the logical relations among concepts and among theories. Logic is applied to science constantly because logic contains the rules of valid thinking. The application of mathematics is often thought, erroneously, to be an index of the status of any science. Of course, the more it can be applied usefully within a science, the more advanced the science. For mathematics functions both as a language in which scientific laws are stated, giving them the utmost precision, elegance, and economy, and as the basis of measurement. Many of the most significant advances in physics, astronomy, and chemistry have depended on advances in and application of mathematics. Without calculus the work of Isaac Newton would have been impossible. Yet great scientific work in other fields, performed by men like Pasteur, Darwin, and Pavlov (with whose names pasteurization, evolution, and conditioned response in psychology are associated), has used little or no mathematics.

In the final sentence of the first paragraph, the authors choose to use the word “absurd” in order to



A- demonstrate that even sound premises can lead to irrational conclusions

B- argue that evidence that seems illogical should not be considered by scientists

C-emphasize a previous distinction between rationality and reasonableness

D- imply that too much rigor can lead to nonsensical inferences

E- convey disdain for those who display uncertainty about their premises

Answer:

I think the answer is D-imply that too much rigor can lead to nonsensical inferences

Explanation:

Question 1
What is the rule regarding the use of me or I in a sentence?

In your country, do you think more people live in wealth or in poverty? how much money do people need to earn in order to be considered wealthy?

What is an Index?
Select the appropriate response
o A list of all the topics with page numbers.
o A photo or illustration with information.
o Definitions of all the vocabulary words.
o An alphabetical listing of the key names, terms, events, and topics with page numbers

Who are the main characters in the book "the lion, the witch, and the wardrobe"

HURRY PLEASE ANSWER BOTH, will give 10 points

BRAINLIEST ANSWER FAST read this excerpt from the short story and answer the question
“When he reached the top of a ridge he stood straight and proud in the moonlight, looking at Jim Hawkins'
big white house, feeling the gun sagging in his pocket. Lawd, ef Ah had jus one mo bullet Ah'd taka shot at
tha house. Ah'd like t scare ol man Hawkins jusa little ... Jusa enough t let im know Dave Saunders is a
man.”
What themes does this excerpt suggest? Select all that apply.
1.) Society does not treat African Americans and whites equally.
2.) Sometimes people use violent means to resolve issues.
3.) Poverty can lead people to do desperate things
4.) Children should not be allowed to carry weapons.

How is god fearless? PLZ HELP

3. He is interested ......... learning Romanian.​

Which sentence should end with a question mark?
O 1. Diane went to the door
O 2. How did Shane do that
3. We doubt if it's true
4. We'll wait until later

FILL IN THE BLANK SPACE WITH THE VERB IN THE TABLE.

{{ start. have. Go. study. live flies. play. speak. }}

1)he ...............speak...........four language.

2)barlin............live..............in a flat in paris.

3)she is a pilot and she..............travel
.................all over the word.

4)peter..................have.................two
children.

5)inwinter abdi ...........go............sking in summer she............play ...............
tennis.

6)my daugter..............speak................
french and germany.

7)john.................start..........................
work at six o'clock.​

At the end of World War II, Britain political leaders...

a
wanted to hold on to their colonial empire
b
faced a time of increased prosperity
c
were not concerned about domestic issues
d
refused to change the national health care system

Which BEST states the meaning of "clan" as it is used in lines 25 and 58 of poem

NEED HELP ASAP

What does it mean for a source to be credible? Select all the correct answers.

A. It's based on someone's personal experience

B. The author is someone with no education or
experience in the field

C. We can believe what the source is telling us - it's
not "too good to be true"

D. It's either recent or based on facts that have been
known to be true for a long time

E. There are references for facts that are provided

I put A, D, E and I got .67/2

I WILL GIVE YOU 100 POINTS TO THOSE WHO ANSWER THIS QUESTION RIGHT.Of the nouns in the sentence which are common in which are proper?Savanna attached the cable to the professor.

Read the excerpt from "Nothing but Net.” She should be feeling nervous about being accepted. And yet, she wasn’t. She was feeling something else completely. She felt her anger grow as she rose from the shadows on the court. Dimitri wants to visualize the setting. Which phrase from the excerpt is the best for him to connect with? should be feeling nervous something else completely felt her anger grow as shadows on the court

STEAL MY POINTS UR DU M
According to the speaker, why is the boot more famous than the dress shoe? Explain the meaning behind this statement in the poem.

Why did Swift publish his ideas in satirical format?

The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit was held in _______________________.

Pick the option below with the correct punctuation, spelling, and grammar.

A. "I can't answer that question." he says with a sly smile.
B. "I can't answer that question." He says with a sly smile.
C. “I can't answer that question," he says with a sly smile.
D. None of the above.

can anyone send me answer pls???

please help
what means this sentence
( what is his limitation)

Help please
Read the following paragraph:
"Memory is created in one portion of the brain and then stored in another. The transfer is not a consistent process, especially in the
presence of stress and fear. Often some parts of a traumatic event are recorded in great detail while others are fuzzy or lost completely. In
dangerous or emotionally difficult circumstances, it's not uncommon for the brain to more or less turn off recording as the situation goes
on."
What is the implied main idea of this reading?
O People often have gaps in their memory due to stress and fear.
People forget what they don't want to remember.
O Traumatic memories are usually wrong.
The brain is complicated.

Hhhheeeeeelllllppppp

critically discuss how local government could provide services in ways that satisfy the public thereby minimizing services protests in communities​

Job areas with the greatest replacement needs are those with:
-specific training requirements

-the smallest groups of occupations

-limited training or education requirements

-high pay

Read the following sources and then synthesize three of the sources into a well developed essay that evaluates the most important factors a school should consider before implementing technology into curriculum and instruction. Ensure that you develop a clear position for your essay. Use the sources to develop your position. Avoid summarizing the sources. Provide citations for the sources that you use
Sources:
https://www.kpbsd.k12.ak.us/Workarea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=35129

The phrase, “beating the dead horse” idiom or metaphor? Or is it considered both?

The root is to be pulled out-
Out of the anchoring earth;
It is to be roped, tied,
And pulled out-snapped out
Or pulled out entirely.
(1) What should be done to kill a tree?​

The ocean lashed out at our ship like an angry child.

What two figurative devices does the sentence use?
Select one:

Simile and idiom.

Personification and simile.

Metaphor and hyperbole.

Understatement and irony.

I thought you weren’t going to respond.

I thought you wasn’t going to respond.


Which one is correct weren’t or wasn’t?